Figure 3.

Recent insights into glial engulfment across species in the context of injury/disease. In Drosophila, nerve injury induces release of insulin-like peptides and the complement-like thioester factors (TEPs). Insulin signaling drives engulfment of neuron debris through CED-1/Draper upregulation. In the retina of a RP mouse model, the proinflammatory cytokine CCL5 is upregulated and microglia exhibit elevated CD68 and Iba1, suggestive of an activated state that exacerbates neuron loss. For color code, see Figure 1. ?, Indirect evidence.