Table 1.
Summary of the literature reviewed in sections 2.0, 3.0, 4.0. ONH = older adults with normal hearing; OHI = older adults with hearing impairment; PTA = Pure-tone average; TC speech = time-compressed speech
| Authors,year | Subject group s? (n, age range) | Hearin g status of older listener s | Control groups? | Training paradigm | Feeda ck provided? | # training sessions | # training trials/session? | Training stimulus | Outcome measures | Improve ment on trained stimuli? | Improvem ent on untrained stimuli? | Retention ? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golomb et al 2007 | Youn ger (n=16, 18–22 years), Older (n=16, 65–85 years) | Mean PTA (.5, 1, 2 kHz) = 13.7 dB HL (sd = 8.2 dB) | None | Passive | No | 1 per conditi on (4 total) | 20 sentences | Time–compres sed speech | % words repeated correctly | Yes. Similar magnitude of improvement between groups. Group differences not evaluated for within–session patterns. | Not tested | Not tested |
| Karawa ni et al., 2016 | Older NH (n = 21, 60–71 yrs) Older HI (n = 35, 60–71 yrs | Older NH: threshol ds ≤ 25 dB HL .25 – 6kHz Older HI: threshol ds ≤ 60 dB HL through 8kHz (mild–mod loss) | passive control grp (n = 10), delayed training group served as control (n = 11) | Active | Yes | 4 session s w/TC speech +1/3 of final session (13 session s altoget her over 4 weeks, w/ 2 other trainin g tasks) | 3 blocks of training/session; ea block asked questions based on a 3–6 min passage | time–compres sed speech | speech–in–noise pseudowo rd discrim; sentence recognition in noise; duration discrim; frequency discrim | Yes. Significan t training–based learning observed in ONH and OHI for TC speech, and improved more than untrained listeners. ONH and OHI showed similar patterns of learning over the training phase. | Yes, for pseudowo rds in noise, but observed as a result of 3 different training modules. | Not tested |
| Manhei m, Lavie, & Banai 2018 | Youn ger (n=57, 23–31 years), Older NH (n=56, 65–75 years), Older HI (n=36, 65–79 years) | Older NH: Mean RE PTA (.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz) = 21 dB HL. Older HI: Mean RE PTA (.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz) = 34 dB HL | passive control grp (n = 28 younger, n = 28 older NH, n = 18 OHI) | Active | Yes | 1 | 300 sentences | Time–compres sed speech | During training: TC rate for 71% correct performa nce. During test: plausabili ty judgemen t | Yes. Greater magnitud e of learning for normal–hearing listeners (YNH and ONH) re: control listeners. Rate difference s may be confound ed by difference s in starting level. | Improvem ent seen for younger but not older | Not tested |
| Peelle and Wingfiel d 2005 Experim ent 1 | Youn ger (n=20, 18–22 years), Older (n=20, 65–78 years) | Mean PTA (.5, 1, 2 kHz) = 14.9 dB HL | None | Passive | No | 1 | 20 sentences | Time–compres sed speech | % words repeated correctly | Yes. Similar magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. Possible group difference s in early time course. | Improvem ent seen for younger but not older | Not tested |
| Simhoni et al., 2014 | Youn ger (n=15, 20–30 years), Older (n=12, 60–75 years) | Not tested | None | Passive | Not reported | 1 per conditi on (2 total) | 20 sentences | Time–compres sed speech | % correct repetition | Yes. Similar magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. Rates of improvem ent not reported | Not tested | Not tested |
| Sweetow and Sabes 2006 | Hearin g impair ed listene rs (n = 65; ages 28–85 yrs; mean age = 64) | Mean PTA (trained = 37.7 dB; control = 40.0 dB). | passive control group (n = 27); experime ntal group (n = 38) | Active | Yes | 20 session s over 4 weeks (includ es multipl e types of trainin g, not just TC speech) | Not reported | time–compres sed speech; speech in 6–talker babble; speech w/ 1 competi ng talker | Q–SIN, HINT, LSPAN, Stroop | Yes. Significan t improvem ent in TC speech for trained group, re: baseline performan ce | Improvem ent seen for experimen tal group on Q–SIN, HINT, LSPAN and Stroop, but observed as a result of a number of different training modules (not just TC speech). | Not reported |
| Adank and Janse 2010 | Youn ger (n=20, 18–41 years), Older (n=30, 65–87 years) | Mean PTA: 25.5 dB HL (sd = 9.8 dB) | None | Active | No | 1 | 60 sentences | Non–native speech | SRT for 50% correct performa nce | Yes. Similar magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. Younger show steady improvem ent while older show plateau and possible subsequen t declines | Not tested | Not tested |
| Bieber and Gordon–Salant 2017 | Youn ger (n=15, 18–28 years), Older NH (n=13, 65–76 years), Older HI (n=15, 70–82 years) | NH: threshol ds ≤ 25 dB HL from .25 – 4 kHz. HI: threshol ds ≥ 26 dB HL from 2–8 kHz. | None | Passive | No | 2 session s, separat ed by 7–10 days | 80 sentences | Non–native speech | % words repeated correctly | Yes. Rate and magnitud e of improvem ent not analyzed. | Yes. Similar improvem ents across groups. | No groups retain improve ment to trained or untrained stimuli. |
| Gordon-Salant et al., 2010 | Youn ger (n=15, 18–30 years), Older NH (n=15, 66–81 years), Older HI (n=15, 65–81 years) | NH: threshol ds ≤ 20 dB HL from .25 – 4 kHz. HI: threshol ds ≥ 26 dB HL from 3–8 kHz. | None | Passive | No | 1 per conditi on (2 total, separat ed by ~2 weeks) | 160 items (words, or sentences) | Non–native speech | % correct transcripti on | Yes. Similar rate and magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. | Not tested | Not tested |
| Janse and Adank 2012 | Older (n=66, 64–89 years) | Mean PTA: 27.2 dB HL (sd = 11.8 dB) | None | Passive | No | 1 | 80 sentences | Non–native speech | Accuracy (T/F judgemen t) and RT | Listeners improve on trained stimuli. No age group compariso n. | Not tested | Not tested |
| Neger, Rietveld, and Janse 2014 | YNH (n=60, 18–29 years), Older (n=73, 60–84 years) | Mean PTA (1, 2, 4 kHz): 23.31 dB HL (sd = 10.28) | None | Passive | Not reporte d | 1 | 60 sentences | Noise–vocoded sentence s | % words repeated correctly | Yes. Similar rate and magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. | Not tested (confirm) | Not tested |
| Peelle and Wingfiel d 2005 Experim ent 5 | YNH (n=30, 18–21 years), Older (n=30, 65–79 years) | Not reported | None | Passive | Not reporte d | 1 | 40 sentences | Noise–vocoded and spectrall y shifted sentence s | % words repeated correctly | Yes. Similar magnitud e of improvem ent between groups. Possible group difference s in early time course. | Not tested | Not tested |
| Sheldon, Pichora–Fuller, Schneide r, 2008 | YNH (n=12, 19–25), ONH (n=12, 66–74) | Thresho lds better than 25 dB HL from 0.25 – 3 kHz in test ear. | None | Active | Yes | 1 | 200 words | Noise–vocoded words | Number of bands needed for 50% correct performa nce | Yes. Similar rate of improvem ent between groups. | No transfer for either age group. | Not tested |