Table 1:
Frequency of Ras pathway mutations in pediatric hematological malignancies.
| Disease | Genes | Ras pathway mutation frequencies | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| B-ALL | FLT3, KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | 35% diagnosis, 25% relapse | (4) |
| KRAS and NRAS, codons 12 and 13 | 20% | (6) | |
| KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | 28% (35/125) | (15) | |
| KRAS, NRAS | 30% (18/60) | (15) | |
| Infant | KRAS, NRAS, NF1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTPN11 | 42% | (1) |
| KRAS, NRAS | 22% in KMT2Ar ALL | (2) | |
| BRAF, KRAS, NRAS | 14% overall; 24% in KMT2A-AF4 | (3) | |
| iAMP21 | BRAF, CBL, KRAS, MAPK1, NRAS, NF1, PTPN11 | 57% (24/42) | (5) |
| High hyperdiploid | KRAS and NRAS, codons 12 and 13 | 30% | (6) |
| FLT3, KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | 53% | (7) | |
| KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | 52% (26/50) | (8) | |
| Near haploid | FLT3, KRAS, NRAS, MAPK1, NF1, PTPN11 | 71% | (9) |
| T-ALL | BRAF, KRAS, NF1, NRAS, PTPN11 | 14% | (10) |
| ETP | BRAF, KRAS, NF1, NRAS, PTPN11 | 28% (18/64) | (11) |
| AML | KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | >30% | (14) |
| KRAS, NRAS, PTPN11 | 43% (diagnosis) 49% (relapse) | (13) | |
| MDS | Ras/MAPK pathway | 55% | (12) |
| JMML | CBL, KRAS, NRAS, NF1, PTPN11, RRAS, RRAS2 | 95% | (19) |