Figure 5.

CEW of complex-shaped cell-laden fiber scaffolds. (A) Cell viability of gelnor and silk fibroin-based cell-laden scaffolds after 1, 3, and 7 days of in vitro culture. Cell electrowritten scaffolds exhibited high cell viability (>70%) for both hydrogel systems, similar to the conventional extrusion-based bioprinting and manual hydrogel casting. (B,C) Cell distribution and morphology were examined on gelnor-based cell-laden scaffolds and compared with conventional extrusion bioprinting. Cell electrowritten fibers exhibited single cells accurately aligned along the fiber pattern. Meanwhile, extrusion-bioprinted fibers exhibited multiple cells distributed homogeneously along the thickness of the filament. Scale bar: 20 μm. (D) Complex shape patterning of representative gelnor-based electrowritten scaffolds with fluorescent nanoparticles. Cell electrowritten hexagon-shaped 3D scaffolds exhibited 2 times higher printing accuracy than the extruded printed scaffolds. CEW also allowed simultaneous printing of multiple bioinks in one single construct. Scale bars: 800 μm (left panels) and 400 μm (right panels).