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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020 Oct 29;151:56–71. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.10.012

Figure 1. Advantages of Integrated Explanted Human Heart Approach.

Figure 1.

Ex-vivo human heart provides multiple advantages over in-vitro single cell and in-vivo studies of the human heart and allows for integration of molecular mapping, histology validated high-resolution 3D structural imaging, standard clinical electrode mapping, and near-infrared optical mapping with subsequent utilization of machine learning and computer modeling. In addition, cellular studies, drug testing, and gene-based therapy, as well as clinical ablation techniques can be utilized to define AF mechanisms and develop patient-specific therapy.

Abbreviations are as follows: LAA/RAA – left and right atrial appendages; IVC/SVC – inferior and superior vena cava; Endo/Epi – endocardial, epicardial.