Table 3.

Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury

Variable	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Admission type: medical	1.15	0.94–1.4
Admission type: elective surgery	1.02	0.8–1.29
Admission type: emergency surgery	1.28	1.04–1.58
Age	1.005	1.0007–1.009
Male sex	1.21	1.08–1.36
Body Mass Index
18.5–24.9: normal weight	Reference
< 18–5: underweight	1.58	1.23–2.01
25–29.9: pre-obesity	1.03	0.9–1.17
≥ 30: obesity	0.98	0.84–1.14
Risk of pressure injury
Braden score 19–23: no risk	Reference
Braden score 15–18: mild risk	2.91	1.81–4.68
Braden score 13–14: moderate risk	5.23	3.25–8.42
Braden score 10–12: high risk	6.52	4.07–10.44
Braden score ≤ 9: very high risk	9.72	6.01–15.71
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome	1.52	0.74–3.11
Cirrhosis	0.89	0.65–1.22
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.24	1.03–1.49
Diabetes	1.05	0.92–1.2
Heart failure	1.07	0.92–1.25
Immunocompromised	1.27	1.04–1.55
Malignancy	0.95	0.8–1.14
Peripheral vascular disease	1.19	0.95–1.51
Days in ICU before study day
0–3 days	Reference
4–6 days in ICU before study day	2.28	1.90–2.74
7–9 days in ICU before study day	3.57	2.91–4.37
10–12 days in ICU before study day	4.12	3.29–5.17
> 12 days in ICU before study day	7.51	6.42–8.78
Mechanical ventilation on admission	1.26	1.11–1.43
Sedation	0.95	0.82–1.09
Muscle relaxant use	1.08	0.83–1.41
Vasopressor use	1.04	0.91–1.2
Renal replacement	1.34	1.14–1.58
Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score	1.006	1.002–1.01
Number of patients per nurse	0.91	0.83–0.99
Economya
High-income economy	Reference
Upper-middle income economy	1.09	0.65–1.85
Low- + lower-middle income economy	1.82	1–3.29

^aEconomy: categorised according to the 2016 World Bank classification (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS)