Table 4.
Development of PDD. Cox proportional-hazards regression models
| PDD N = 18 | No-PDD N = 121 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | |||
| Men | 12 (66.7) | 75 (62.0) | 1.21 | 0.44–3.37 | 0.7 | 4.94 | 1.23–18.8 | 0.02 |
| Age, years | 68.3 ± 8.4 | 65.3 ± 9.5 | 1.07 | 1.00–1.15 | 0.04 | 1.05 | 1.00–1.14 | 0.2 |
| Age at onset, years | 64.9 ± 8.4 | 62.4 ± 10.1 | 1.05 | 0.99–1.12 | 0.1 | |||
| UPDRS-ME | 33.1 ± 16.5 | 25.1 ± 12.7 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.06 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.05 |
| HY stage | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.77 | 0.40–1.47 | 0.4 | |||
| Disease duration, years | 3.4 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.25 | 0.3 | |||
| Education, years | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 9.2 ± 4.5 | 0.88 | 0.78–0.99 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 1.29–18.7 | 0.03 |
| LED mg/day | 353.8 ± 298.4 | 432.1 ± 459.8 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.001 | 0.9 | |||
| Cognition baseline | ||||||||
| NC | 4 (22.2) | 80 (66.1) | 1 | / | / | |||
| MCI | 14 (77.8) | 41 (33.9) | 4.37 | 1.42–13.5 | 0.01 | 7.55 | 1.76–32.3 | 0.006 |
| Depression | 9 (50.0) | 42 (34.7) | 1.28 | 0.50–3.24 | 0.6 | |||
| Phenotype | ||||||||
| TD | 6 (33.3) | 37 (30.6) | 1 | / | / | |||
| PIGD | 12 (66.7) | 74 (61.2) | 1.01 | 0.38–2.76 | 0.9 | |||
| Mixed | 0 | 10 (8.3) | / | / | / | |||
| Smoking | 2 (12.5) | 24 (21.0) | 0.52 | 0.11–2.36 | 0.4 | |||
| Diabetes (H) | 3 (16.7) | 23 (19.0) | 0.75 | 0.21–2.68 | 0.7 | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia (H) | 5 (27.8) | 41 (33.9) | 0.66 | 0.23–1.88 | 0.4 | |||
| Hypertension (H) | 14 (77.8) | 72 (59.5) | 2.09 | 0.68–6.44 | 0.2 | |||
| Hypertrigliceridemia (H) | 2 (11.1) | 18 (14.9) | 0.75 | 0.16–3.30 | 0.7 | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 129.2 ± 19.0 | 130.1 ± 14.8 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.9 | |||
| DBP, mmHg | 80 ± 11.5 | 77.4 ± 8.2 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.1 | |||
| SBP > 130 (median value) | 10 (55.6) | 47 (38.8) | 1.89 | 0.70–5.02 | 0.2 | |||
| SBP > 140 | 4 (22.2) | 21 (17.4) | 1.17 | 0.38–3.61 | 0.8 | |||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 14 (77.8) | 69 (57.0) | 2,30 | 0.74–7.05 | 0.1 | |||
| HDL, mg/dl | 48.4 ± 12.4 | 48.6 ± 10.8 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.7 | |||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 182 ± 38.0 | 178.7 ± 34.4 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.6 | |||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 1 (5.6) | 3 (2.5) | 2.24 | 0.29–17.2 | 0.4 | |||
| FR Score (HVR) | 14 (77.8) | 86 (71.1) | 1.24 | 0.40–3.81 | 0.7 | |||
| Myocardial Infarction | 1 (5.6) | 14 (11.6) | 0.44 | 0.05–3.38 | 0.4 | |||
| Stroke | / | 1 (0.8) | / | / | / | |||
| TIA | / | / | / | / | / | |||
| Average Wahlund | 4.3 ± 4.3 | 2.4 ± 3.3 | 1.16 | 1.04–1.30 | 0.007 | |||
| Wahlund score | ||||||||
| 0 (score = 0) | 6 (33.3) | 59 (48.8) | 1 | / | / | 1 | / | / |
| 1 (score 1–4) | 4 (22.2) | 39 (32.2) | 0.71 | 0.16–3.02 | 0.6 | 2.31 | 0.47–11.2 | 0.3 |
| 2 (score > 4) | 8(44.4) | 23 (19.0) | 3.81 | 1.28–11.3 | 0.01 | 2.80 | 0.86–9.04 | 0.08 |
Data presented are number (percentage %) for categorical and mean ± SD for continuous data. Significant results are expressed in bold
PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia, HR hazard ratio, UPDRS-ME Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Motor Examination, HY Hoeh-Yahr, LED levodopa equivalent daily dose, NC normal cognition, MCI mild cognitive impairment, TD Tremor Dominant, PIGD postural instability gait difficulty, H history, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL high density lipoproteins, FR score HVR Framingam Risk Score, high vascular risk, TIA transient ischemic attack