Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study patients.
| Number (male/female) | 94 (59:35) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64 ± 12 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 10 ± 11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 7.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.3 ± 15.0 |
| Disease | |
| Hypertension | 51 (54.3) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 20 (21.2) |
| Medications | |
| Insulin | 27 (28.7) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 7 (7.4) |
| Metformin | 32 (34.0) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 49 (52.1) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 16 (17.0) |
| Thiazolidine | 9 (9.6) |
| Sulfonylurea | 10 (10.6) |
| Glinide | 7 (7.4) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 12 (12.8) |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.8 (7.9–10.1) |
| Glycated albumin (%) | 22.0 (18.5–26.7) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 147 (129–185) |
| Fasting IRI (μIU/mL) | 8.8 (4.3–13.9) |
| Fasting CPR (ng/mL) | 2.4 (1.4–3.0) |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3 (1.7–5.1) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75 (63–91) |
| ACR (mg/g · Cr) | 10.8 (4.6–43.9) |
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.4 (4.0–6.2) |
| T-Cho (mg/dL) | 193 (169–214) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49 (40–57) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 113 (97–136) |
| TG (mg/dL) | 134 (95–185) |
| AST (IU/L) | 21 (17–31) |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21 (14–38) |
| γ-GTP (IU/L) | 32 (20–48) |
| Fib-4 index | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) |
| Urinary CPR (μg/day) | 78 (46–110) |
| Plasma XOR activity (pmol/h/mL) | 67.7 (31.1–184) |
| Xanthine (μM) | 0.71 (0.60–0.86) |
| Hypoxanthine (μM) | 3.6 (2.8–5.3) |
| CVR-R (%) | 2.0 (1.3–2.7) |
| MCV (m/s) | 42.2 (38.9–45.6) |
| SCV (m/s) | 42.4 (37.2–47.6) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 25 (26.6) |
| ABI | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) |
| baPWV (cm/sec) | 1645 (1403–1912) |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, medians (interquartile range) or number (%). BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin, IRI immunoreactive insulin, CPR C-peptide immunoreactivity, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, UA serum uric acid level, T-Chol serum total cholesterol level, HDL-C serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, LDL-C serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, TG serum triglyceride level, AST serum aspartate aminotransferase level, ALT serum alanine aminotransferase level, γ-GTP serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level, plasma XOR activity plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity level, CVR-R coefficient of variation of the R-R interval, MCV motor nerve conduction velocity (tibial nerve), SCV sensory nerve conduction velocity (peroneal nerve), ABI ankle brachial index, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.