Fig. 3: Phylogeny of land plants and hornworts.

(a-c) Competing hypotheses about the phylogenetic position of hornworts among land plants. (a) Liverworts, mosses and hornworts are successive sister lineages to tracheophytes (Qiu et al. 2006). (b) Hornworts sister to all other land plants with liverworts and mosses monophyletic (Wickett et al., 2014). (c) Monophyletic bryophytes with hornworts sister to Setaphyta that include mosses and liverworts (Li et al., 2020; Renzanglia et al., 2018). (d) Phylogeny of hornworts based on Villarreal & Renner (2012), numbered circles next to the names in the phylogenetic tree correspond to species example images below. Phaeoceros photo credit: John Baker, University of Oxford. Presence and/or absence of stomata and pyrenoid is indicated next to each genera name. * exception: stomata absent in Folioceros incurvus (Renzaglia et al., 2009; Villarreal & Renner, 2012). (e) Phylogeny of the Anthoceros agrestis/Anthoceros punctatus group based on Dawes et al., 2020.