Table 1.
Fluorescence imaging probes with the potential to image tumor-treating bacteria
| Class of tracers | Probe ligand | Labeling compounds | Bacteria | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial surface | Zinc(II) dipicolylamine (Zn-DPA) | NIR fluorophores (IR783, Cy5, streptavidin-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, PSVue®794) | Gram-positive, Gram-negative | [13–16] |
| Bacterial surface | Concanavalin A | NIR fluorophore (IR750) | Gram-positive, Gram-negative | [17] |
| Bacterial surface | Mannose | Fluorescein | E. coli | [18] |
| Antibiotics | Vancomycin | IRDye800CW | Gram-positive | [19] |
| Antimicrobial peptides | Polymyxin B | 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) | Gram-negative | [20] |
| Antimicrobial peptides | Ubiquicidin (UBI29-41) | ICG02 | Gram-positive, Gram-negative | [21, 22] |
| Bacteriophages | M13 bacteriophage | Alexa 750 | Bacteria expressing F-pili | [24] |
| Metabolic substrate | Maltodextrin | IR786 | Gram-positive, Gram-negative | [25] |
| Iron transporter | Siderophore | Cy5.5 | Gram-negative | [27] |
| Enzyme-activated probes | Self-quenched NIR dye CytoCy5S | Reduced NIR dye CytoCy5S | Most Gram-positive and Gram-negative | [28] |