Table 2.

Nuclear medicine imaging with the potential to image tumor-treating bacteria

Class of tracers	Radiopharmaceuticals	Bacteria	References
Bacterial surface	111In-DOTA-biotin/SA/biotin-Zn-DPA	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[16]
	89Zr-labeled antibody specific for lipoteichoic acid (89Zr-SAC55)	Gram-positive	[76]
Antibiotics	99mTc-labeled fluoroquinolones	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[44, 51, 55–57, 59–61]
	99mTc-labeled cephalosporins	Most Gram-positive and Gram-negative	[62–66]
	18F-fluoropropyl-trimethoprim (FPTMP)	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[67]
Antimicrobial peptides	99mTc-Ubiquicidin (UBI), 68Ga-UBI, 111In-DTPA-Cy5-UBI29-41	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[73, 75]
Nucleoside analog metabolism	125I-fialuridine (FIAU), 124I-FIAU, 18F-FEAU	E. coli, C. novyi-NT, S. aureus	[38–42]
Sugar metabolism	18F-fluoromaltose, 18F-maltohexaose, 18F-fluoromaltotriose	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[77–79]
Sugar alcohol metabolism	18F-fluorodeoxysorbitol	Enterobacteriaceae family	[80]
Amino sugar metabolism	18F-fluoroacetamido-D-glucopyranose (FAG)	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[82]
Folate metabolism (synthesis)	11C-para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 18F-PABA	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[83, 84]
Amino acid metabolism	11C-D-methionine	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[85]
	11C-D-alanine	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[86]
Iron transporter	Siderophore	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[27, 88]
Biotin	111In-biotin, 18F-labeled biotin derivatives	Gram-positive, Gram-negative	[90–93]