Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants in the first and fifth quintile groups of urinary propyl-paraben levels.

Variables	Children in the first quintile of urine propyl paraben (n = 91)	Children in the fifth quintile of urine propyl paraben (n = 91)	P value
Age, years ± SD	10.9 ± 0.8	11.0 ± 0.8	0.443
Gender, n (%)			0.455
Female	37 (40.7)	43 (47.3)
Male	54 (59.3)	48 (52.7)
BMI categories*, n (%)			0.745
Normal	75 (82.4)	78 (85.7)
Overweight	10 (11.0)	7 (7.7)
Obese	6 (6.6)	6 (6.6)
Aeroallergen sensitization†, n (%)			0.034
No	45 (50.6)	31 (34.8)
Yes	44 (49.4)	58 (65.2)
Atopic dermatitis‡, n (%)			0.430
No	78 (85.7)	73 (80.2)
Yes	13 (14.3)	18 (19.8)
EASI score, n (%)			0.061
Negative	82 (90.1)	73 (80.2)
Positive	9 (9.9)	18 (19.8)
Chitinase 3-like protein 1, ng/mL, median [IQR]	21.2 [16.6–28.2]	20.0 [16.0–28.6]	0.694
Periostin level, ng/mL, median [IQR]	31.4 [22.5–39.0]	38.4 [28.2–43.0]	0.008

BMI body mass index, EASI Eczema Area and Severity Index, IQR Interquartile range, SD standard deviation.

*BMI categories were classified using the BMI z-score. Obesity was defined as a BMI z-score of ≥ 1.62 and overweight was defined as 1.03 ≤ BMI z-score ≤ 1.61.

^‡AD was defined as the presence of AD symptoms in the preceding 12 months.

^†Missing = 4.

Data in bold means statistically significant values (P < 0.05).