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. 2021 Feb 12;11:3696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82784-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maize plots reported in the survey of farm households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Milpa systems and their varied crop combinations are represented in different colours. The tree is nested, so the first node displays all maize plots, with successive splits for monocrop vs intercropped maize and with crop names presented according to how often they were grown (overall: maize > common beans > potatoes > squash > faba beans > fruit trees > vegetables). Numbers in the boxes superimposed on the arrows are the percentages, of number of plots and area under the respective milpa system, of the total 1 205 maize plots.