Table 6.
Results of logistic regression, with binary outcome variable of non-adherence or adherence to all social distancing rules
| Explanatory Variables | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Constant | 24,481,821.0 | .996 | ||
| Demographic Factors | ||||
| Gender | .047 | |||
| Female | ||||
| Male | 1.305 | .388 | 4.389 | .667 |
| Otherb | .047 | .004 | .592 | .018 |
| Age | .977 | .933 | 1.023 | .322 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | ||||
| BAME | 1.19 | .37 | 3.832 | .77 |
| Language | ||||
| English as First Language | ||||
| English Not as First Language | .613 | .182 | 2.068 | .43 |
| Religion | .488 | |||
| No Religion | ||||
| Christian | .504 | .203 | 1.252 | .14 |
| Buddhist | 6.469 | .208 | 201.301 | .287 |
| Hindu | .099 | .003 | 3.111 | .188 |
| Jewish | 1.641 | .298 | 9.043 | .569 |
| Muslim | 1.171 | .07 | 19.652 | .913 |
| Sikh | 5.882E+ 9 | .000 | .999 | |
| Other | .414 | .071 | 2.407 | .326 |
| Highest Qualification Obtained | .306 | |||
| Doctoral Degree | ||||
| Masters Degree | .353 | .029 | 4.343 | .416 |
| Professional Qualification | .21 | .016 | 2.811 | .238 |
| Bachelors Degree | .166 | .014 | 2.028 | .16 |
| Vocational / Work-related Qualification | .133 | .008 | 2.121 | .153 |
| A Levels or equivalent | 28,639,096.0 | .000 | .997 | |
| GCSEs or equivalent | 1.272 | .042 | 38.118 | .89 |
| No Qualifications | 2.406 | .041 | 141.664 | .673 |
| Employment Status | .586 | |||
| Long-term sick or disabled | ||||
| Retired | .787 | .136 | 4.567 | .79 |
| Working as an employee from home | 3.579 | .682 | 18.774 | .132 |
| Self-employed or freelance from home | 2.24 | .36 | 13.947 | .387 |
| Looking after home or family | .721 | .075 | 6.904 | .777 |
| Unemployed | 3.303 | .23 | 47.51 | .38 |
| A furloughed employee | 3.573 | .451 | 28.315 | .228 |
| A student | 1.313 | .071 | 24.42 | .855 |
| Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home) | 2.605 | .136 | 49.896 | .525 |
| Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home) | 121,440,088 | .000 | .998 | |
| Other | 3.414 | .363 | 32.075 | .283 |
| Key Worker Status | ||||
| Not Key Worker | ||||
| Key Worker | .511 | .154 | 1.694 | .272 |
| Deprivation | 1.016 | .841 | 1.227 | .873 |
| Housing Factors | ||||
| Housing Situation | .909 | |||
| Live in Own Home | ||||
| Live in Rented Home | 1.054 | .374 | 2.971 | .920 |
| Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House | 1.553 | .214 | 11.276 | .664 |
| Number of People Living With | .849 | .619 | 1.166 | .312 |
| Living With a Vulnerable Person | ||||
| Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | ||||
| Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status | .998 | .385 | 2.586 | .997 |
| Health Factors | ||||
| Vulnerable Healtha | ||||
| Vulnerable | ||||
| Not Vulnerablea | 4.506 | 1.799 | 11.285 | .001 |
| COVID-19 Symptoms | ||||
| Not Had | ||||
| Had | .87 | .341 | 2.215 | .77 |
| Perceived Susceptibility | 1.102 | .823 | 1.477 | .514 |
| Political Factors | ||||
| 2019 General Election | ||||
| Voted for Government | ||||
| Did Not Vote for Government | 1.522 | .361 | 6.41 | .567 |
| Trust in Government | 1.005 | .76 | 1.328 | .974 |
| Lockdown Phasea | .009 | |||
| Total Lockdown | ||||
| Overlap of Total and First Relaxation | 1.204 | .465 | 3.114 | .702 |
| First Relaxationa | .261 | .096 | .711 | .009 |
| Psychological Factors | ||||
| COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge | 1.273 | .864 | 1.877 | .223 |
| Social Responsibility | .966 | .63 | 1.482 | .875 |
| Self-Interest | .985 | .707 | 1.372 | .927 |
| Intention to Socially Distance | .688 | .433 | 1.094 | .114 |
| Control over Leaving the House | .821 | .634 | 1.063 | .135 |
| Control over Others’ Distancinga | .724 | .573 | .916 | .007 |
| Control over Responsibilitiesa | .642 | .474 | .869 | .004 |
| Normative Pressure from Family | .931 | .577 | 1.5 | .768 |
| Normative Pressure from Friends | .739 | .526 | 1.037 | .08 |
| Normative Pressure from Neighbours | 1.062 | .824 | 1.369 | .643 |
| Social Factors | ||||
| Financial Support | ||||
| Getting Financial Support if Needed | ||||
| Not Getting Financial Support If Needed | .731 | .241 | 2.22 | .58 |
| Community Support | ||||
| Getting Community Support if Needed | ||||
| Not Getting Community Support If Needed | 1.166 | .27 | 5.039 | .837 |
| Support from a Special Person | .912 | .674 | 1.234 | .551 |
| Support from Family | .903 | .596 | 1.366 | .628 |
| Support from Friends | 1.18 | .758 | 1.838 | .464 |
aSignificant predictors of non-adherence of all social distancing rules
bSignificant association found, but below threshold of 10 units per variable (68)