Table 3.

Some examples of nanosolutions for viral diseases, with their examples

Mechanism of action	Examples
Nanoparticles that block cell attachment and viral entry	• Titanium (Ti), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and zinc (Zn) • Cationic carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from curcumin (CCM-CDs) • Curcumin-modified AgNPs (cAgNPs) • Silicon NPs (SiNPs) • Mesoporous-SiO2 (mSiO2) • Selenium NPs • Graphene QDs can inhibit cell binding of HIV • GO and its derivatives
Nanoparticles that block viral replication and proliferation	• AgNPs and SeNPs • AuNPs • Ag2S • Benzoxamine monomer–derived CDs
Nanoparticles for viral inactivation and viricidal treatment	• • AuNPs • • Decoy virus receptor-functionalized nanodiscs • • Ferromagnetic Fe3O4 • AuNPs
Antiviral agent delivery	• Nanoencapsulation • Polymeric NPs • Gold nanoparticle-peptide triazole conjugates • PLGA-based NPs • Cationic liposomal NPs • The virus-mimicking nanoparticles • The polyamidoamines (PAMAMs)
Nanomedicine strategies to target the immune system	• Tocilizumab (an IL-6 antagonist) plus hyaluronate-gold NPs • Liposomal dexamethasone • LIF nano • Adenosine
Nanoparticles combining multiple approaches for treatment	• Combining carbon QDs (CQDs) • The multifunctional lipid-polymer hybrid nanoformulation • Virus-like particles (VLPs) and virosomes
Additional nanosolutions for COVID-19	• Regenerative nanomedicine • Mesenchymal stem cell secretome • Exosome