Table 3.

Comparison of intraoperative variables between external stent and internal stent group in high-risk of pancreatic fistula patients

Variables	External stent group N = 43	Internal stent group N = 129	P-value
Preoperative biliary drainage	12 (27.9%)	27 (20.9%)	P = 0.344
Percutaneous/endoscopic	7/5	7/20
Preoperative total bilirubin (μmol/L)	17.5 (11–135)	28 (13.5–121.5)	P = 0.581
Preoperative direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	9.9 (4–107.3)	9.7 (3–79.7)	P = 0.535
Preoperative CA 199 (U/mL)	20.7 (5.8–191)	27 (7.9–156.2)	P = 0.965
Operative time (min)	492.16 ± 103.63	432.22 ± 136.51	P = 0.003
Intraoperative bleeding (mL)	225 (200–400)	200 (200–400)	P = 0.712
≤ 400	33	101
> 400	10	28
Vascular resection	8 (18.6%)	5 (3.9%)	P = 0.004
Blood transfusion	17 (39.5%)	38 (29.5%)	P = 0.220
Texture soft/Firm	43/0	121/8	P = 0.203
Pancreatic duct diameter (cm)	0.3(0.3–0.4)	0.3 (0.3–0.3)	P = 0.205
0.1	1	0
0.2	6	26
0.3	22	76
0.4	12	22
0.5	2	4
> 0.5	0	1
Pathology			P = 0.002
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatitis	13	14
Ampullary, duodenal, cystic, islet cell, etc	30	115
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	12	12
Cholangiocarcinoma	2	16
Duodenal carcinoma	16	39
Chronic pancreatitis	1	2
Pancreatic cystic tumor	1	19
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor	1	3
Ampullary carcinoma	5	26
Others	5	12

The italic values reflected that there was a significant difference between the two groups