TABLE I.

Summary of different antiviral surfaces.

Antiviral materials	Surface features	Viruses	Incubation time	Result
Al 6063 alloy surfaces	Nanostructured surfaces, 23 nm ± 2 nm	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV)	24 h	More efficient against RV than RSV, 3 − 4 log10 reduction observed in viable virus. 100
Al 6063 alloy surfaces	Nanostructured surfaces, 23 nm ± 2 nm	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)	6 h	Antiviral activity, 5 log reduction with no recoverable viable virus. 101
PTFE nanoparticles thermally sintered to PP microfibers	Superhydrophobic low surface energy, multilength scale roughened textiles	Adenovirus type 4 and 7a	–	Reduced the attachment of HAdv4 and HAdv7a virions by 99.2 ± 0.2% and 97.6 ± 0.1%, respectively. 102
Polyethylenimines (PEIs) derivatives	Hydrophobic polycationic coatings	Influenza (H1N1) virus	30 min	Killed influenza virus with 100% efficiency, at least a 4-log reduction in the viral titer. 13
PEIs	Hydrophobic polycationic coatings	Poliovirus, rotavirus	30 min	Disinfected aqueous solutions of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. 105
QACs	Hyperbranched polymers with quaternary amines	Poliovirus Sabin1, influenza A (H1N1) virus	1 h	Virucidal activity only against enveloped influenza A (H1N1) virus. 106
QBEst, QBAm	Cationic polymeric coatings, zwitterionic structure	Influenza (H1N1) virus	30 min	QBEst and QBAm coated surfaces reduced the viral burden by >1000- and >10 000-fold. 107
Copper	CuO NPs impregnated into N95 masks	Human influenza A virus (H1N1), avian influenza virus	30 min	Potent anti-influenza biocidal properties. 114
Silver	PHBV films coated with AgNP fibers	FCV, MNV	150 days	No infectious FCV, MNV titers decreased by 0.86 log. 116