Table 3.
Composite outcome of death, invasive mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and Anhui province of China.
| Hong Kong SAR |
Anhui |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment |
Treatment |
|||||||||||||||||
| No |
Yes |
After weighting | No |
Yes |
After weighting | |||||||||||||
| N‡ | Event | (%) | N‡ | Event | (%) | OR | 95% CI ¶ | P-value¶ | N‡ | Event | (%) | N‡ | Event | (%) | OR | 95% CI¶ | P-value¶ | |
| Interventions initiated regardless of timing of initiation | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 3087 | 32 | (1.0%) | 1436 | 51 | (3.6%) | 1.27 | (0.81, 1.98) | 1.000 | 91 | 1 | (1.1%) | 540 | 24 | (4.4%) | NA | ||
| Ribavirin | 3285 | 52 | (1.6%) | 1238 | 31 | (2.5%) | 0.58 | (0.36, 0.92) | 0.009 | 578 | 23 | (4.0%) | 53 | 2 | (3.8%) | 1.74 | (0.85, 3.56) | 0.267 |
| Umifenovir | NA | 421 | 22 | (5.2%) | 210 | 3 | (1.4%) | 0.84 | (0.42, 1.69) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Corticosteroids | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 658 | 76 | (11.6%) | 1.74 | (1.17, 2.58) | <0.001 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 161 | 21 | (13.0%) | 2.64 | (0.99, 7.05) | 0.054 |
| Dexamethasone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 573 | 71 | (12.4%) | 3.49 | (2.34, 5.20) | <0.001 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 4 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Hydrocortisone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 96 | 15 | (15.6%) | 0.27 | (0.11, 0.64) | <0.001 | NA | ||||||||
| Methylprednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 6 | 2 | (33.3%) | 3.79 | (0.31, 46.13) | 1.000 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 114 | 14 | (12.3%) | 3.01 | (1.06, 8.55) | 0.031 |
| Prednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 37 | 3 | (8.1%) | 0.88 | (0.15, 5.27) | 1.000 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 48 | 9 | (18.8%) | 2.60 | (0.79, 8.63) | 0.231 |
| Interferon-α−2b | NA | 146 | 6 | (4.1%) | 485 | 19 | (3.9%) | 0.57 | (0.21, 1.59) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Interferon-β−1b | 2568 | 10 | (0.4%) | 1955 | 73 | (3.7%) | 0.55 | (0.38, 0.80) | <0.001 | NA | ||||||||
| Antibiotics | 2946 | 5 | (0.2%) | 1577 | 78 | (4.9%) | 2.74 | (1.56, 4.80) | <0.001 | 266 | 2 | (0.8%) | 365 | 23 | (6.3%) | 7.16 | (1.60, 32.11) | 0.003 |
| Chinese Medicines | NA | 79 | 4 | (5.1%) | 552 | 21 | (3.8%) | 0.96 | (0.39, 2.40) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Interventions initiated within 7 days of symptom onset | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 3087 | 32 | (1.0%) | 1109 | 40 | (3.6%) | 1.40 | (0.88, 2.25) | 0.370 | 91 | 1 | (1.1%) | 378 | 14 | (3.7%) | NA | ||
| Ribavirin | 3285 | 52 | (1.6%) | 884 | 19 | (2.1%) | 0.51 | (0.29, 0.90) | 0.010 | 578 | 23 | (4.0%) | 18 | 2 | (11.1%) | 5.59 | (2.72, 11.50) | <0.001 |
| Umifenovir | NA | 421 | 22 | (5.2%) | 76 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | ||||||||||
| Corticosteroids | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 276 | 42 | (15.2%) | 1.57 | (0.97, 2.55) | 0.084 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 56 | 6 | (10.7%) | 2.37 | (0.67, 8.35) | 0.460 |
| Dexamethasone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 225 | 37 | (16.4%) | 3.46 | (2.10, 5.72) | <0.001 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 0 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Hydrocortisone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 42 | 6 | (14.3%) | 0.31 | (0.09, 0.99) | 0.046 | NA | ||||||||
| Methylprednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 2 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 39 | 4 | (10.3%) | 2.76 | (0.69, 10.98) | 0.337 | ||
| Prednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 14 | 1 | (7.1%) | NA | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 17 | 2 | (11.8%) | 1.66 | (0.21, 13.31) | 1.000 | ||
| Interferon-α−2b | NA | 146 | 6 | (4.1%) | 310 | 4 | (1.3%) | 0.30 | (0.07, 1.31) | 0.198 | ||||||||
| Interferon-β−1b | 2568 | 10 | (0.4%) | 1581 | 60 | (3.8%) | 0.60 | (0.41, 0.88) | 0.002 | NA | ||||||||
| Antibiotics | 2946 | 5 | (0.2%) | 1128 | 63 | (5.6%) | 3.10 | (1.76, 5.43) | <0.001 | 266 | 2 | (0.8%) | 219 | 17 | (7.8%) | 8.99 | (1.99, 40.58) | <0.001 |
| Chinese Medicines | NA | 79 | 4 | (5.1%) | 255 | 8 | (3.1%) | 1.04 | (0.35, 3.11) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Interventions initiated after 7 days of symptom onset | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 3087 | 32 | (1.0%) | 327 | 11 | (3.4%) | 1.01 | (0.52, 1.94) | 1.000 | 91 | 1 | (1.1%) | 162 | 10 | (6.2%) | NA | ||
| Ribavirin | 3285 | 52 | (1.6%) | 354 | 12 | (3.4%) | 0.66 | (0.36, 1.22) | 0.556 | 578 | 23 | (4.0%) | 35 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Umifenovir | NA | 421 | 22 | (5.2%) | 134 | 3 | (2.2%) | 1.29 | (0.64, 2.56) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Corticosteroids | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 382 | 34 | (8.9%) | 1.85 | (1.20, 2.87) | <0.001 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 105 | 15 | (14.3%) | 2.78 | (1.00, 7.74) | 0.051 |
| Dexamethasone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 348 | 34 | (9.8%) | 3.50 | (2.26, 5.43) | <0.001 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 4 | 0 | (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Hydrocortisone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 54 | 9 | (16.7%) | 0.24 | (0.07, 0.79) | 0.008 | NA | ||||||||
| Methylprednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 4 | 2 | (0.0%) | 5.51 | (0.44, 69.38) | 0.556 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 75 | 10 | (13.3%) | 3.14 | (1.03, 9.58) | 0.040 |
| Prednisolone | 3865 | 7 | (0.2%) | 23 | 2 | (8.7%) | 0.91 | (0.08, 10.47) | 1.000 | 470 | 4 | (0.9%) | 31 | 7 | (22.6%) | 3.02 | (0.86, 10.60) | 0.124 |
| Interferon-α−2b | NA | 146 | 6 | (4.1%) | 175 | 15 | (8.6%) | 1.08 | (0.34, 3.44) | 1.000 | ||||||||
| Interferon-β−1b | 2568 | 10 | (0.4%) | 374 | 13 | (3.5%) | 0.39 | (0.16, 0.91) | 0.018 | NA | ||||||||
| Antibiotics | 2946 | 5 | (0.2%) | 449 | 15 | (3.3%) | 1.86 | (0.82, 4.24) | 0.322 | 266 | 2 | (0.8%) | 146 | 6 | (4.1%) | 4.44 | (0.79, 24.99) | 0.142 |
| Chinese Medicines | NA | 79 | 4 | (5.1%) | 297 | 13 | (4.4%) | 0.89 | (0.30, 2.68) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Note: OR = Odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NA = Not applicable.
†OR >1 (or <1) indicates the treatment was associated with higher (or lower) risk of composite outcome.
‡
The numbers of treated and non-treated patients may not total all patients in the respective cohorts as per Table 2 because those who presented with the composite outcome on or before the day of treatment initiation, or the day of admission were excluded from the analysis.
¶
Adjusted confidence interval and p-value of Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison.