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. 2021 Feb 9;14:369–380. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S293338

Table 5.

Risk Ratios for the Most Common Sites of Musculoskeletal Pain in the Hajj Population by Sex, Age and BMI

Variables Model 1 (CRR)a P-value Model 2 (ARR)b P-value Model 1 (CRR)a P-value Model 2 (ARR)b P-value
Ankle/Foot Pain Leg Pain
Sex Male 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
Female 1.05 (0.92–1.20) 0.457 1.05 (0.92–1.20) 0.444 1.28 (1.10–1.50) 0.002 1.28 (1.09–1.49) 0.002
Age (years) 18–29 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
30–39 0.90 (0.77–1.06) 0.204 0.90 (0.77–1.06) 0.202 0.89 (0.72–1.10) 0.286 0.88 (0.71–1.10) 0.260
40–49 0.81 (0.67–0.99) 0.039 0.81 (0.66–0.99) 0.045 0.95 (0.75–1.20) 0.656 0.92 (0.72–1.17) 0.494
50–59 0.74 (0.59–0.93) 0.011 0.74 (0.59–0.93) 0.011 1.05 (0.82–1.34) 0.725 1.03 (0.80–1.33) 0.821
≥60 0.74 (0.57–0.97) 0.031 0.74 (0.56–0.97) 0.032 1.42 (1.11–1.81) 0.005 1.39 (1.08–1.78) 0.010
BMI (kg/cm2) <18.5 0.99 (0.72–1.37) 0.969 0.97 (0.70–1.33) 0.842 0.86 (0.55–1.33) 0.492 0.85 (0.55–1.32) 0.463
18.5–24.9 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
25–29.9 0.85 (0.71–1.01) 0.065 0.91 (0.76–1.08) 0.278 1.03 (0.84–1.25) 0.774 1.01 (0.83–1.24) 0.914
≥30 0.99 (0.85–1.15) 0.872 1.07 (0.91–1.25) 0.408 1.03 (0.85–1.24) 0.791 1.01 (0.84–1.23) 0.889
Low Back Pain Knee Pain
Sex Male 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
Female 1.17 (0.99–1.38) 0.051 1.18 (1.01–1.39) 0.045 1.24 (1.02–1.50) 0.031 1.23 (1.02–1.48) 0.029
Age (years) 18–29 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
30–39 1.19 (0.97–1.48) 0.101 1.13 (0.91–1.40) 0.257 1.09 (0.81–1.48) 0.564 1.06 (0.78–1.44) 0.724
40–49 1.22 (0.96–1.56) 0.097 1.13 (0.89–1.45) 0.323 1.61 (1.19–2.18) 0.002 1.50 (1.10–2.05) 0.010
50–59 1.07 (0.82–1.41) 0.594 0.98 (0.73–1.29) 0.863 2.53 (1.93–3.32) 0.000 2.33 (1.75–3.10) 0.000
≥60 1.47 (1.12–1.93) 0.005 1.36 (1.03–1.80) 0.028 2.56 (1.90–3.45) 0.000 2.37 (1.74–3.22) 0.000
BMI (kg/cm2) <18.5 0.60 (0.33–1.07) 0.086 0.62 (0.35–1.12) 0.114 0.99 (0.57–1.74) 0.979 1.06 (0.61–1.84) 0.836
18.5–24.9 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
25–29.9 1.11 (0.90–1.37) 0.324 1.08 (0.87–1.33) 0.494 1.28 (0.99–1.66) 0.055 1.10 (0.85–1.42) 0.458
≥30 1.23 (1.02–1.48) 0.033 1.20 (0.99–1.46) 0.062 1.60 (1.27–2.00) 0.000 1.30 (1.03–1.64) 0.025

Notes: aUnadjusted risk ratio. bRisk ratio adjusted for sex, age and BMI. The results are presented as risk ratios with 95% CIs. Based on log-binomial models, the P-values of statistically significant associations (P<0.05) are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRR, crude risk ratio; ARR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; kg, kilogram; cm, centimeter.