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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci Methods. 2020 Feb 20;336:108631. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108631

Table 2.

Effect of GES-evoked vagal signatures on symptom improvement (Cohen’s d analysis)a

GCSI Symptom Vagal Responses Linked to GES Efficacy Effect Size (Cohen’s d)
Symptom Severity 		Effect Size (Cohen’s d)
Symptom Frequency
LEFT VAGUS
 RIGHT VAGUS
Aβ Aγ Aδ B Aβ Aγ Aδ B
Nausea ∘ 0.12 [−0.38, 0.62] 0.46 [−0.06, 0.97]
Vomiting ∘ • • 0.86 [0.04, 1.65] 1.18 [0.28, 2.06]
Early Satiety ∘ • 0.97 [0.16, 1.76] 0.83 [0.05, 1.60]
Bloating ∘ 0.44 [−0.06, 0.95] 0.57 [0.06,1.09]
Fullness ∘ 0.51 [−0.01, 1.02] 0.46 [−0.06, 0.97]
Epigastric Pain ∘ • 0.82 [0.10, 1.53] 1.33 [0.55, 2.09]
Epigastric Burn ∘ • • 1.23 [0.34, 2.08] 1.11 [0.26, 1.93]
Cardiac Pain ∘ 0.76 [0.23, 1.27] 0.74 [0.21, 1.26]
Cardiac Burn ∘ • • 1.63 [0.46, 2.75] 1.74 [0.53, 2.89]
a

Cohen’s d was used here as a metric to estimate the magnitude and relative significance of the symptom improvement (i.e., reduction in absolute GCSI symptom scores) to be expected when GES is tuned to produce particular types of vagal responses (shown in each row next to the symptom names). A Cohen’s d value greater than 0.8 represents a large treatment effect (while greater than 1.2 is considered to be a very large effect and greater than 2 an enormous effect) (Cohen, 1962; Cohen, 1988). Data are reported as Cohen’s d estimate [95% confidence interval]. Cohen’s d values that indicate a significant effect of fiber recruitment on less severe or frequent symptoms are in bold font. N = 66 subjects included in this analysis.