Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for analysis of adverse health outcomes
| Characteristic [mean (SD) or N (%)] | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 789) | Black (n = 398) | All (n = 1187) | White (n = 732) | Black (n = 561) | All (n = 1293) | |
| Death | ||||||
| Incidence | 510 (64.6%) | 282 (70.9%) | 792 (66.7%)*† | 387 (52.9%) | 328 (58.5%) | 715 (55.3%)*† |
| Follow-up time (years) | 10.6 (6.5, 13.5) | 9.2 (4.5, 13.3) | 10.2 (5.8, 13.4)* † | 12.4 (8.6, 13.6) | 11.4 (7.1, 13.5) | 12.1 (7.9, 13.6)* † |
| Hospital admission | ||||||
| Incidence | 695 (88.1%) | 345 (86.7%) | 1040 (87.6%)* | 617 (84.3%) | 476 (84.8%) | 1093 (84.5%)* |
| Follow-up time (years) | 3.0 (1.2, 6.3) | 2.9 (1.2, 5.4) | 2.9 (1.2, 6.0)* | 4.3 (1.8, 8.4) | 3.4 (1.3, 7.5) | 3.9 (1.6, 8.1)* † |
| Prevalence before follow-up | 305 (38.7%) | 154 (38.7%) | 459 (38.7%)* | 205 (28.0%) | 204 (36.4%) | 409 (31.6%)*† |
| Low trauma fracture | ||||||
| Incidence | 106 (13.7%) | 23 (5.8%) | 129 (11.0%)*† | 209 (29.8%) | 63 (11.6%) | 272 (21.9%)*,† |
| Follow-up time (years) | 9.8 (5.7, 11.5) | 8.7 (4.3, 11.4) | 9.6 (5.2, 11.5)† | 10.0 (5.0, 11.6) | 10.2 (5.6, 11.6) | 10.1 (5.2, 11.6) |
| Prevalence before follow-up | 16 (2.1%) | 3 (0.8%) | 19 (1.6%)* | 42 (6.0%) | 14 (2.6%) | 56 (4.5%)*,† |
| Recurrent falls | ||||||
| Incidence | 347 (45.6%) | 124 (33.5%) | 471 (41.6%)*,† | 342 (47.8%) | 239 (44.1%) | 581 (46.2%)* |
| Prevalence before follow-up | 162 (21.3%) | 61 (16.5%) | 223 (19.7%) | 147 (20.5%) | 115 (21.2%) | 262 (20.8%) |
Of the entire study sample, 265/3075 (8.6%) died before Year 4. 256 (63.8%) of those who had a low trauma fracture also died during follow-up; figures for hospital admission and recurrent falls were 1369 (64.2%) and 662 (62.9%). Statistics presented for follow-up time starting at Year 4 among 2480 individuals with level and change measures for at least one of the following parameters: gait speed, grip strength, ALM, and fat mass; these statistics differ for hip BMD as the exposure where follow-up time started at Year 3. Individuals with no recurrent falls and missing responses for recurrent falls at Year 4 and after (n = 713) were regarded as not having had recurrent falls for these descriptive statistics as these individuals were included in generalized estimating equations models for recurrent falls (their non-missing responses contribute information)
*Statistically significant sex differences (p < 0.05)
†Statistically significant ethnic differences within sex (p < 0.05)