Table 3.
Muscle function, body composition, and adverse outcomes: impact of baseline indices
| Predictor | Model | Death | Hospital admission | Low trauma fracture | Recurrent fall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Gait speed | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.39) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.12, 1.24) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) | 0.059 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 1.27 (1.19, 1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 0.070 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) | 0.001 | |
| Grip strength | 1 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.05, 1.31) | 0.004 | 1.14 (1.04, 1.24) | 0.003 |
| 2 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 0.061 | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) | 0.012 | |
| ALM | 1 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.018 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.807 | 1.11 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.084 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.117 |
| 2 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.306 | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) | 0.040 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) | 0.109 | |
| Fat mass | 1 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.036 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.291 | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 0.007 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) | 0.014 |
| 2 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.20) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.891 | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35) | 0.007 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.032 | |
| Hip BMD | 1 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.002 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.331 | 1.80 (1.61, 2.01) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.295 |
| 2 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.070 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.049 | 2.07 (1.80, 2.38) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.850 | |
Table shows risk of adverse outcome per SD lower baseline level of predictor
Baseline levels ascertained at Year 2 for gait speed and at Year 1 for remaining predictors. An indicator variable for the corresponding outcomes occurring before the survival analysis follow-up was used as the stratification variable in Cox models for low trauma fracture and hospital admission; models for recurrent falls were adjusted for previous recurrent falls. Model 1: Adjusted for the four-level sex-ethnicity variable and age. Model 2: Additionally adjusted for height, weight-for-height residual (not used in models for ALM and fat mass), smoking status (ever vs never), alcohol consumption, healthy eating index, physical activity, educational attainment, home ownership, cognitive function, and number of comorbidities
HR hazard ratio (odds ratios from a generalized estimating equations model are presented for recurrent falls), SD standard deviation, ALM appendicular lean mass, BMD bone mineral density
Significant associations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold