Table 4.
Muscle function, body composition, and adverse outcomes: impact of rates of loss
| Predictor | Model | Death | Hospital admission | Low trauma fracture | Recurrent fall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Gait speed | 1 | 1.21 (1.14, 1.28) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.601 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 0.046 |
| 2 | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.001 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 0.818 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 0.103 | |
| Grip strength | 1 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.004 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 0.109 | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 0.016 |
| 2 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) | 0.002 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.11) | 0.030 | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 0.257 | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 0.040 | |
| ALM | 1 | 1.17 (1.11, 1.24) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.024 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 0.279 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.19) | 0.008 |
| 2 | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.242 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.345 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 0.107 | |
| Fat mass | 1 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 0.001 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | 0.143 | 1.14 (1.03, 1.27) | 0.012 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.357 |
| 2 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) | 0.004 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.341 | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) | 0.012 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.764 | |
| Hip BMD | 1 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.027 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.24) | 0.016 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.960 |
| 2 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) | 0.002 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.007 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 0.035 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.679 | |
Table shows risk of adverse outcome per SD greater rate of decline in predictor
Conditional changes (independent of baseline) were derived from Years 1 to 4 (Years 2 to 4 for gait speed and Years 1 to 3 for hip BMD). An indicator variable for the corresponding outcomes occurring before the survival analysis follow-up was used as the stratification variable in Cox models for low trauma fracture and hospital admission; models for recurrent falls were adjusted for previous recurrent falls. Model 1: Adjusted for the four-level sex-ethnicity variable and age. Model 2: Additionally adjusted for height, weight-for-height residual, smoking status (ever vs never), alcohol consumption, healthy eating index, physical activity, educational attainment, home ownership, cognitive function, and number of comorbidities
HR hazard ratio (odds ratios from a generalized estimating equations model are presented for recurrent falls), SD standard deviation, ALM appendicular lean mass, BMD bone mineral density
Significant associations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold