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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Nutr. 2020 Aug 14;60(3):1633–1643. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02361-7

Table 3.

Adjusted changes from baseline in liver-related biomarkers during CALERIE phase 2 at months 6, 12, and 24.

AL (n = 75)
 CR (n = 143)
 Between-group difference
Changea Within P valueb Changea Within P valueb P valueb Effect sizec
ALT (IU/L)
   Month 6 −1 (1) 0.45 −0 (1) >0.99 >0.99 0.14
   Month 12 2 (1) 0.64 0 (1) >0.99 >0.99 0.14
   Month 24 1 (1) >0.99 −1 (1) >0.99 >0.99 0.14
AST (IU/L)
   Month 6 −1 (1) 0.69 1 ( 1) 0.82 0.29 0.25
   Month 12 0 (1) >0.99 2 (1)† 0.03 0.76 0.17
   Month 24 1 (1) >0.99 3 (1)† 0.02 0.68 0.18
ALP (IU/L)
   Month 6 −1 (1) 0.35 −5 (1)†* <0. 01 <0.01 0.44
   Month 12 0 (1) >0.99 −4 (1)†* <001 0.01 0.46
   Month 24 2 (1) 0.45 −5 (1)†* <0.01 <0.01 0.73
GGT (log IU/L)
   Month 6 −0.02 (0.03) >0. 99 −0.10 (0.02)†* <0. 01 0.02 0.36
   Month 12 −0.00 (0.03) >0.99 −0.01 (0.03) >0.99 0.86 0.03
   Month 24 0.06 (0.04) 0.26 −0.04 (0.03)* 0.39 0.02 0.35
Bilirubin (log mg/dL)
   Month 6 0.08 (0.04) 0.19 0.17 (0.03)† <0. 01 0.08 0.31
   Month 12 −0.00 (0.05) >0.99 0.11 (0.03 )†* <0.01 0.04 0.33
   Month 24 −0.06 (0.05) 0.66 0.16 (0.04)†* <0.01 <0.01 0.58

Abbreviations: AL, ad libitum; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CR, calorie restriction; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase.

a

Values are the least-squares adjusted means (SE) obtained from analyses that used an intention-to-treat approach to determine whether change in the outcome variables differed between the CR and AL groups. Comparisons are controlled for baseline values.

b

All P values reflect Bonferroni corrections, truncated at >0.99 where necessary.

c

Values are absolute Cohen effect sizes of between-group differences.

†

Significant difference from baseline (P < 0.05).

*

Significant difference versus AL group (P < 0.05).