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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mech Ageing Dev. 2020 Dec 16;194:111418. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111418

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Simplified picture of the aging-related signaling pathways that have been in major focus of experimental aging research: IGF-1/AKT/FOXO3 - mediated growth/survival, TP53/P21/P16 - mediated apoptosis/senescence/autophagy, and mTOR/S6K - mediated autophagy/survival/growth. These pathways biologically interact and together decide on specific outcomes of cell responses to stress/damage, such as apoptosis, senescence, survival, growth, division, or autophagy. The choice of a particular outcome in given conditions may differ between carriers of different genotypes, which might contribute to the differences in pace of aging between individuals, species or strains (Image by Ukraintseva© 2020, using MetaCore Pathway Map Creator tool from Clarivate Analytics).