Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With Pneumonia Who Had Positive Blood Cultures Only, Positive Respiratory Cultures Only, and Both Types of Cultures Positive With the Same Organism.
| Blood |
Respiratory |
Both |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | (n = 5992) | (n = 6438) | (n = 458) | P Valuea |
| Age, median, y (Q1, Q3) | 70.0 (57.0, 82.0) | 70.0 (58.0, 80.0) | 65.0 (54.0, 75.0) | < .001b |
| Sex, % | < .001 | |||
| Female | 47.8 | 43.4 | 41.5 | |
| Male | 52.2 | 56.6 | 58.5 | |
| Race, % | ||||
| White | 74.6 | 76.5 | 72.3 | |
| Black | 14 | 10.6 | 15.1 | |
| Hispanic | 0.75 | 1.1 | 0.66 | |
| Others | 10.5 | 11.9 | 11.6 | |
| Unknown | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.44 | |
| Marital status, % | .007 | |||
| Married | 41.8 | 41 | 38.9 | |
| Single | 51.9 | 50.9 | 55.2 | |
| Other | 6.2 | 7.8 | 5.9 | |
| Unknown | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0 | |
| Admission source, % | < .001 | |||
| Emergency room | 89.8 | 86.5 | 89.3 | |
| SNF/ICF | 6.6 | 8.9 | 8.1 | |
| Clinic | 3.4 | 4.5 | 2.6 | |
| Others | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0 | |
| CAP/HCAP, No. (%) | < .001c | |||
| CAP | 3856 (64.4) | 3979 (61.8) | 246 (53.7) | |
| HCAP | 2136 (35.6) | 2459 (38.2) | 212 (46.3) | |
| Insurance payor, % | < .001 | |||
| Medicare | 66.6 | 71.5 | 59.6 | |
| Medicaid | 9.5 | 11 | 16.8 | |
| Managed care | 12.3 | 8.8 | 12 | |
| Commercial indemnity | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | |
| Others | 7.8 | 5.9 | 8.7 | |
| Principal diagnosis, % | < .001 | |||
| Pneumonia | 20.7 | 43.2 | 12.4 | |
| Aspiration pneumonia | 2.5 | 8.3 | 1.3 | |
| Sepsis | 75 | 37.8 | 82.3 | |
| Respiratory failure | 1.8 | 10.8 | 3.9 | |
| Comorbidity score, median (Q1, Q3) | 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (1.00, 5.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 6.0) | < .001b |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 63.3 | 62.3 | 57.9 | .048 |
| Fluid and electrolyte D/O | 62.5 | 55.5 | 76.6 | < .001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 38.8 | 59.4 | 50 | < .001 |
| Anemia | 38.1 | 36.5 | 38.4 | .17 |
| Diabetes | 33.6 | 33.4 | 34.7 | .86 |
| CHF | 27.6 | 27.7 | 26.4 | .83 |
| CKD | 20.3 | 16.1 | 16.6 | < .001 |
| Neurological D/O | 13.3 | 18.9 | 13.1 | < .001 |
| UTI | 18.7 | 14.3 | 12.9 | < .001 |
| Obesity | 12.8 | 12.4 | 13.5 | .69 |
| Weight loss | 18.5 | 18.2 | 21.8 | .16 |
| Valvular disease | 12.2 | 8 | 10 | < .001 |
| Coagulopathy | 18.4 | 11.1 | 24 | < .001 |
| PVD | 9.1 | 9 | 6.6 | .17 |
| Paralysis | 4.5 | 7.8 | 3.9 | < .001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 5.9 | 5.5 | 8.7 | .015 |
| Drug abuse | 5.1 | 4.9 | 9 | < .001 |
| Liver disease | 5.8 | 3.7 | 9.8 | < .001 |
| Lymphoma | 2.9 | 1.6 | 3.1 | < .001 |
| Bleeding peptic ulcer | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0 | .65c |
| Markers of illness severity, % | ||||
| ICU | 35.8 | 45.8 | 70.5 | < .001 |
| IMV | 8.5 | 28 | 43.7 | < .001 |
| NIV | 10.3 | 12.3 | 16.6 | < .001 |
| Vasopressor use | 13.3 | 17.7 | 39.7 | < .001 |
| Blood lactate | 58.8 | 54.3 | 72.5 | < .001 |
| Arterial and venous blood gas | 43.4 | 57.3 | 73.6 | < .001 |
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; D/O, disorder; HCAP, healthcare-associated pneumonia; ICF, intermediate care facility; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; NIV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3; SNF, skilled nursing facility; UTI, urinary tract infection.
a
Pearson χ2 test, without continuity correction, unless otherwise footnoted. Comparison is across all 3 groups.
b
Kruskal-Wallis test.
c
Fisher exact test.