Table 3.
Complications, treatments and outcomes of patients with COVID-19
| Characteristics | All patients | Non-severe group | Severe group | P value | Intensive care group | Non-intensive care group | P value | Wuhan residence | No Wuhan residence | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral drug use | ||||||||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 160 (93.0) | 111 (91.7) | 49 (96.0) | 0.307 | 31 (100) | 129 (91.5) | 0.092 | 76 (97.4) | 84 (89.4) | 0.039 |
| Aerosolized IFN-α1b | 166 (96.5) | 115 (95.0) | 51 (100) | 0.106 | 31 (100) | 135 (95.7) | 0.242 | 72 (92.3) | 94 (100) | 0.006 |
| Ribavirin | 34 (19.8) | 22 (18.2) | 12 (23.5) | 0.421 | 10 (32.3) | 24 (17.0) | 0.054 | 8 (10.3) | 26 (27.7) | 0.004 |
| Remdevisir | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | 0.028 | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 0.002 | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 0.195 |
| Darunavir | 16 (9.3) | 9 (7.4) | 7 (13.7) | 0.195 | 4 (12.9) | 12 (8.5) | 0.446 | 6 (7.7) | 10 (10.6) | 0.508 |
| Arbidol | 134 (77.9) | 87 (71.9) | 47 (92.2) | 0.003 | 29 (93.5) | 105 (74.5) | 0.020 | 56 (71.8) | 78 (83.0) | 0.078 |
| Initial antiviral regime | 0.015 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||
| lopinavir + IFN | 30 (17.4) | 28 (26.2) | 2 (4.9) | – | 0 (0) | 30 (21.3) | – | 18 (28.1) | 12 (14.3) | – |
| lopinavir + IFN + arbidol | 95 (55.2) | 61 (57.0) | 34 (82.9) | – | 19 (61.3) | 76 (53.9) | – | 44 (68.8) | 51 (60.7) | – |
| lopinavir + IFN + abidol + ribavirin | 16 (9.3) | 12 (11.2) | 4 (9.8) | – | 4 (12.9) | 12 (8.5) | – | 2 (3.1) | 14 (16.7) | – |
| Darunavir + IFN + arbidol | 7 (4.1) | 6 (5.6) | 1 (2.4) | – | 5 (16.1) | 2 (1.4) | – | 0 (0) | 7 (8.3) | – |
| Others | 24 (14.0) | 14 (11.6) | 10 (19.6) | – | 3 (9.7) | 21 (14.9) | – | 14 () | 10 (10.6) | – |
| Any switch of antiviral regimes against SARS-CoV-2 | 10 (5.8) | 2 (1.7) | 8 (15.7) | < 0.001 | 6 (19.4) | 4 (2.8) | < 0.001 | 6 (7.7) | 4 (4.3) | 0.338 |
| Administration of systemic corticosteroids | 98 (57.0) | 52 (43.0) | 46 (90.2) | < 0.001 | 29 (93.5) | 69 (48.9) | < 0.001 | 48 (61.5) | 50 (53.2) | 0.271 |
| Duration of corticosteroid use, days | 3.5 ± 4.3 | 2.1 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 | 9.5 ± 5.0 | 2.2 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | 3.9 ± 4.5 | 3.1 ± 4.1 | 0.363 |
| Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) | 67 (39.0) | 33 (27.3) | 34 (66.7) | < 0.001 | 25 (80.6) | 42 (29.8) | < 0.001 | 24 (30.8) | 43 (45.7) | 0.045 |
| Administration of intravenous antibiotics | 170 (98.8) | 119 (98.4) | 51 (100) | 0.356 | 31 (100) | 139 (98.6) | 0.505 | 78 (100) | 92 (97.9) | 0.195 |
| Administration of antifungals | 12 (7.0) | 1 (0.8) | 11 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 12 (38.7) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 8 (10.3) | 4 (4.3) | 0.124 |
| Administration of Chinese traditional medicine | 172 (100) | 121 (100) | 51 (100) | 1.000 | 31 (100) | 141 (100) | 1.000 | 78 (100) | 94 (100) | 1.000 |
| Only oral | 24 (14.0) | 23 (19.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.004 | 0 (0) | 24 (17.0) | 0.025 | 9 (11.5) | 15 (16.0) | 0.067 |
| Only intravenous | 4 (2.3) | 4 (3.3) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 4 (2.3) | – | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0) | – |
| Oral plus intravenous | 144 (83.7) | 94 (77.7) | 50 (98.0) | – | 31 (100) | 113 (80.1) | – | 65 (83.3) | 79 (84.0) | – |
| Main method of respiratory support | ||||||||||
| Oxygen therapy on admission | 106 (61.6) | 63 (52.1) | 43 (84.3) | < 0.001 | 31 (100) | 75 (53.2) | < 0.001 | 42 (53.8) | 44 (46.8) | 0.358 |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen supply (HFNC) | 13 (7.6) | 4 (3.3) | 9 (17.6) | < 0.001 | 10 (32.3) | 3 (2.1) | < 0.001 | 8 (10.3) | 5 (5.3) | 0.223 |
| Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) | 20 (11.6) | 1 (0.8) | 19 (37.3) | < 0.001 | 20 (64.5) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 9 (11.5) | 11 (11.7) | 0.973 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) | 12 (7.0) | 0 (0) | 12 (24.0) | < 0.001 | 12 (38.7) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 8 (10.3) | 4 (4.3) | 0.516 |
| All mechanical ventilation (NIV or IMV) | 30 (17.4) | 2 (1.6) | 28 (56.0) | < 0.001 | 30 (96.8) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 14 (17.9) | 16 (17.0) | 0.858 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | 6 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.0) | 0.005 | 6 (19.4) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 4 (7.7) | 2 (2.1) | 0.286 |
| Length of mechancal ventilation use (days) | 0 (0.17.0) | 0.15 ± 1.54 | 2.84 ± 4.53 | < 0.001 | 5.3 ± 5.4 | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 1.2 ± 3.6 | 2.5 ± 6.2 | 0.363 |
| Use of continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) | 6 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | < 0.001 | 6 (19.4) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 3 (3.8) | 3 (3.2) | 0.816 |
| Co-infections | ||||||||||
| Any | 53 (30.8) | 29 (24.0) | 24 (47.1) | 0.003 | 14 (45.2) | 39 (27.7) | 0.056 | 20 (25.6) | 33 (35.1) | 0.181 |
| Bacteria | 23 (13.4) | 12 (9.9) | 11 (21.6) | 0.040 | 8 (25.8) | 15 (10.6) | 0.025 | 10 (12.8) | 13 (13.8) | 0.846 |
| Fungi | 9 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 9 (17.6) | <0.001 | 9 (29.0) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 5 (6.3) | 4 (4.3) | 0.528 |
| Another virus | 10 (5.8) | 5 (4.1) | 5 (9.8) | 0.147 | 4 (12.9) | 6 (4.3) | 0.062 | 4 (5.1) | 6 (6.4) | 0.726 |
| M. tuberculosis | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0.515 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 0.638 | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.271 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 16.3 ± 5.1 | 16.1 ± 4.8 | 16.7 ± 5.8 | 0.519 | 15.7 ± 5.6 | 16.5 ± 5.1 | 0.529 | 17.1 ± 5.5 | 15.8 ± 4.8 | 0.118 |
| Time from disease onset to first visit | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 3.0 ± 3.4 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 0.482 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 3.3 | 0.645 | 2.7 ± 3.4 | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 0.681 |
| Time from confirmation to initial antiviral treatment | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.728 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.493 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 0.119 |
| Time to the first negative nasopharygeal swab nucleic acid test (days) | 13.1 ± 5.0 | 13.1 ± 4.9 | 13.3 ± 5.5 | 0.798 | 13.4 ± 6.0 | 13.2 ± 4.8 | 0.822 | 13.5 ± 5.4 | 13.0 ± 4.7 | 0.589 |
| Time of onset to confirmation | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 6.0 ± 3.9 | 6.1 ± 3.1 | 0.866 | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 6.1 ± 3.8 | 0.555 | 5.6 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 0.123 |
| Time to afebrile, days | 6.6 ± 6.1 | 5.7 ± 5.3 | 8.6 ± 7.1 | 0.004 | 11.1 ± 7.6 | 5.5 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 | 6.9 ± 7.0 | 6.3 ± 5.2 | 0.496 |
| CURB-65 score | 0 (0,2) | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.008 |
| 0 | 136 (79.1) | 106 (87.6) | 30 (58.8) | 14 (45.2) | 122 (86.5) | < 0.001 | 68 (87.2) | 68 (72.3) | 0.029 | |
| 1 | 32 (18.6) | 14 (11.6) | 18 (35.3) | – | 14 (45.2) | 18 (12.8) | – | 10 (12.8) | 22 (23.4) | – |
| 2 | 4 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (5.9) | – | 3 (9.7) | 1 (0.7) | – | 0 (0) | 4 (4.3) | – |
| ≥ 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| PSI score | 46.5 ± 22.1 | 40.6 ± 20.7 | 60.5 ± 18.6 | < 0.001 | 61.4 ± 20.0 | 43.2 ± 21.2 | < 0.001 | 45.7 ± 18.8 | 47.1 ± 24.5 | 0.675 |
| PSI grade I and II (score ≤ 70) | 150 (87.2) | 111 (91.7) | 39 (76.5) | 0.012 | 22 (71.0) | 128 (90.8) | 0.011 | 72 (92.3) | 78 (83.0) | 0.189 |
| PSI grade III (70 < score ≤ 90) | 16 (9.3) | 8 (6.6) | 7 (13.7) | – | 6 (19.4) | 9 (6.4) | – | 4 (5.1) | 11 (11.7) | – |
| PSI grade IV (90 < score ≤ 130) | 6 (3.5) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (9.8) | – | 3 (9.7) | 4 (2.8) | – | 2 (2.6) | 5 (5.3) | – |
| PSI grade IV (score > 130) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| MuLBSTA score | 7.0 ± 4.3 | 5.8 ± 4.1 | 9.8 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 | 10.5 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 6.8 ± 4.0 | 7.1 ± 4.6 | 0.645 |
| MuLBSTA score > 12 | 26 (15.1) | 11 (9.1) | 15 (29.4) | 0.001 | 13 (41.9) | 13 (9.2) | < 0.001 | 8 (10.3) | 18 (19.1) | 0.105 |
| Deterioration at 72 h of admission¶ | 40 (23.3) | 19 (15.7) | 21 (41.2) | < 0.001 | 20 (64.5) | 20 (14.2) | < 0.001 | 21 (26.9) | 19 (20.2) | 0.300 |
| Lymphocyte count on 72 h of admission, × 109/L | 1.26 ± 0.54 | 1.40 ± 0.53 | 0.95 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 | 0.97 ± 0.48 | 1.29 ± 0.53 | 0.002 | 1.16 ± 0.52 | 1.30 ± 0.54 | 0.081 |
| Decrease of lymphocyte count on 48-96 h of admission | 59 (34.3) | 39 (32.2) | 20 (40) | 0.378 | 10 (32.3) | 49 (34.8) | 0.791 | 26 (33.3) | 33 (35.1) | 0.807 |
| Lymphopenia 48-96 h after admission | 118 (68.6) | 72 (59.5) | 46 (90.2) | < 0.001 | 23 (74.2) | 95 (67.4) | 0.459 | 56 (71.8) | 62 (66.0) | 0.412 |
| ICU stay | 88 (51.2) | 43 (35.5) | 45 (88.2) | < 0.001 | 29 (93.5) | 59 (41.8) | < 0.001 | 40 (51.3) | 48 (51.1) | 0.977 |
| Use of IMV, ECMO or death | 15 (8.7) | 2 (1.7) | 13 (25.5) | < 0.001 | 15 (48.4) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 10 (12.8) | 5 (5.3) | 0.083 |
| Complications | ||||||||||
| Shock (of any cause) | 6 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.0) | 0.005 | 6 (19.4) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 4 (5.1) | 2 (2.1) | 0.273 |
| Liver injury | 20 (11.6) | 11 (9.1) | 9 (17.6) | 0.110 | 9 (29.0) | 11 (7.8) | 0.001 | 10 (12.8) | 10 (10.6) | 0.657 |
| Myocardial injury | 15 (8.7) | 4 (3.3) | 11 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 13 (41.9) | 2 (1.4) | < 0.001 | 12 (15.4) | 3 (3.2) | 0.005 |
| Acute kidney injury | 10 (5.8) | 2 (1.6) | 8 (16.0) | 0.006 | 8 (25.8) | 2 (1.4) | < 0.001 | 4 (5.1) | 6 (6.4) | 0.726 |
| Pneumonthorax | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.9) | 0.007 | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.673 |
| Major bleeding§ | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (3.9) | 0.157 | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.673 |
| Outcomes | ||||||||||
| Discharge | 160 (93.0) | 116 (95.9) | 44 (86.3) | 0.001 | 26 (83.9) | 134 (95.0) | 0.001 | 72 (92.3) | 88 (93.6) | 0.945 |
| Death | 4 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.8) | – | 4 (12.9) | 0 | – | 2 (2.6) | 2 (2.1) | – |
| On treatment | 8 (4.7) | 5 (4.1) | 3 (5.9) | – | 1 (3.2) | 7 (5.0) | – | 4 (5.1) | 4 (4.3) | – |
*Stable means no fever, no complications and other clinical situations that required treatment modifications, no radiological deterioration
#Includes
§Major bleeding refers to bleeding that inquiring immediate treatment, including therapy modifications or transfusion
¶Judging by an expert panel basing on the clinco-radiological status on reevaluation