Table 3.
Cross-sectional Associations between Systolic and Diastolic BP Nondipping and Sleep Characteristics
| Systolic nondipping | Diastolic nondipping | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Self-report symptoms | ||||
| Difficulty getting back to sleep | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) | 2.0 (0.9, 4.4) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.4) |
| Difficulty falling sleep | 2.3 (1.2, 4.5)* | 2.6 (1.2, 5.5)* | 3.8 (1.8, 7.9)** | 4.5 (1.9, 10.8)** |
| Early morning awakenings | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.5) | 1.2 (0.5, 3.0) |
| Repeated nocturnal awakenings | 1.1(0.6, 1.9) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.6 (0.9, 3.1) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.7) |
| Insomnia (# of symptoms) | ||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.8) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.2) |
| 2 | 2.5 (1.1, 5.4)* | 2.9 (1.2, 6.8)* | 4.8 (2.0, 11.4)* | 5.6 (2.1, 15.3)** |
| 3 | 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | 0.5 (0.1, 3.9) | 0.5 (0.06, 4.2) |
| 4 | 1.5 (0.4, 5.6) | 1.7 (0.4, 6.9) | 3.7 (0.9, 14.6) | 5.5 (1.2, 25.5)* |
| Habitual sleep time, hours | 1.0 (0.95, 1.12) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
| PSG assessed markers | ||||
| Sleep latency, hours | 2.6 (0.9, 7.8) | 2.5 (0.7, 8.7) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.8) | 1.4 (0.3, 7.0) |
| Waking after sleep onset, hours | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1)* | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3)* | 1.5 (1.02, 2.3)* | 1.6 (0.98, 2.5) |
| TST <6 h | 1.9 (1.6, 3.4)* | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9)* | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) |
| 6 h ≤TST <7h | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| 7 h ≤TST <8h | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9)* | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9)* | 0.4 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.01) |
| TST≥ 8 h | 1.6 (0.6, 4.0) | 1.7 (0.6, 4.6) | 0.3 (0.054, 2.1) | 0.2 (0.03, 2.1) |
| Sleep efficiency, per 10% increment | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9)** | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9)** | 0.7(0.6, 0.9)* | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
| % of REM sleep, per 10% increment | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9)* | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)** | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8)** |
AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; REM, rapid eye movement; TST: total sleep time.
Analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoke, caffeine and alcohol consumption, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, depression, use of sedative medication, nap frequency, self-reported hours of weekly physical exercise, AHI, leg movements, and time between ABPM and insomnia survey.
*
P <0.05.
**
P <0.01.