Table 2. Pooled incidences of computed tomography manifestations in pediatric COVID-19 cases.
| CT manifestations | Number of studies | Reference | Pooled incidence (95% CI) | P* | Heterogeneity | Egger’s test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | P** | ||||||
| Overall | 23 | (8-10,12-31) | 70% (60–79%) | <0.05 | 74.94% | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| GGO | 17 | (8,10,12-14,15,17-20,22-24,26,29-31) | 40% (29–51%) | <0.05 | 66.90% | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| GGO and consolidation | 6 | (8,12,20,21,25,30) | 25% (8–46%) | <0.05 | 75.51% | <0.05 | 0.79 |
| Consolidation | 6 | (14,19,20,26,29,30) | 10% (1–23%) | <0.05 | 65.99% | <0.05 | 0.06 |
| Halo sign | 4 | (19,20,27,31) | 26% (7–51%) | <0.05 | 76.79% | <0.05 | 0.72 |
| Reverse halo sign | 2 | (20,30) | 2% (0–10%) | 0.35 | NA | NA | NA |
| Increased lung markings | 2 | (16,24) | 31% (23–40%) | <0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Air bronchograms | 2 | (19,30) | 12% (1–29%) | <0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Bronchopneumonia-like sign | 4 | (19,21,24,30) | 15% (5–28%) | <0.05 | 0 | 0.61 | 0.09 |
| Crazy paving sign | 4 | (12,19,20,30) | 4% (0–10%) | 0.02 | 0 | 0.54 | NA |
| Pleural effusions | 5 | (15,16,20,22,29) | 1% (0–3%) | 0.27 | 21.30% | 0.28 | 0.54 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 4 | (15,19,20,30) | 0 (0–3%) | 0.44 | 0 | 0.59 | NA |
| White lung-like signs | 2 | (16,22) | 0 (0–4%) | 0.39 | NA | NA | NA |
| Lesions morphology | |||||||
| Linear lesion | 4 | (14,20,23,30) | 12% (1–27%) | <0.05 | 46.24% | 0.13 | 0.35 |
| Nodular lesion | 6 | (10,19,20,24,27,30) | 23% (4–48%) | <0.05 | 84.61% | <0.05 | 0.58 |
| Patchy lesion | 9 | (10,14,15,19,22,23,25,26,30) | 37% (22–53%) | <0.05 | 74.61% | <0.05 | 0.24 |
| Lesions distribution | |||||||
| Bilateral lesion | 12 | (12,14,15,20,22,24-27,29-31) | 35% (24–47%) | <0.05 | 70.43% | <0.05 | 0.47 |
| Unilateral lesion | 8 | (18,22,24,26,27,28,30,31) | 22% (14–30%) | <0.05 | 0 | 0.84 | 0.35 |
| Peripheral lesion | 3 | (12,20,29) | 26% (9–47%) | <0.05 | 59.29% | 0.09 | 0.70 |
| Subpleural lesion | 5 | (14,15,26,27,29) | 47% (7–90%) | <0.05 | 95.68% | <0.05 | 0.99 |
| Lobes infected | |||||||
| Lower lobe | 5 | (15,23,25,26,30) | 40% (21–61%) | <0.05 | 79.76% | <0.05 | 0.08 |
| Upper lobe | 2 | (15,30) | 49% (38–60%) | <0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Left lower lobe | 6 | (8,13,20,24,26,29) | 17% (8–27%) | <0.05 | 0 | 0.67 | 0.24 |
| Left upper lobe | 3 | (14,20,26) | 7% (1–16%) | <0.05 | 0 | 0.73 | 0.41 |
| Right lower lobe | 5 | (8,12,14,20,29) | 21% (10–34%) | <0.05 | 18.68% | 0.30 | 0.12 |
| Right middle lobe | 4 | (15,20,29,30) | 17% (3–37%) | <0.05 | 75.27% | <0.05 | 0.61 |
| Right upper lobe | 4 | (8,13,20,26) | 4% (0–12%) | 0.06 | 0.22% | 0.39 | <0.05 |
| Number of lobes infected | |||||||
| One | 3 | (10,19,20) | 25% (3–55%) | <0.05 | 81.97% | <0.05 | 0.46 |
| Two | 3 | (10,19,20) | 16% (7–27%) | <0.05 | 3.61% | 0.35 | 0.48 |
*Significance of summarized incidences. **Significance of heterogeneity. P<0.05 was regarded as indication of statistical significance. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; GGO, ground-glass opacity; NA, not available.