Table 2.
Associations between annual pollution (PM2.5) exposure and tissue activities
| Model predictors | Multivariable models | Tissue activities |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerotic inflammation |
Bone marrow activity |
Splenic activity |
|||||
| Standardized β (95% CI) | P-value | Standardized β (95% CI) | P-value | Standardized β (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Air pollution (continuous annual PM2.5 exposure) | A | 0.073 | 0.103 | 0.099 | 0.035 | 0.098 | 0.039 |
| (−0.015, 0.161) | (0.007, 0.191) | (0.005, 0.191) | |||||
| B | 0.088 | 0.036 | 0.129 | 0.004 | 0.110 | 0.015 | |
| (0.006, 0.171) | (0.042, 0.215) | (0.021, 0.199) | |||||
| C | 0.089 | 0.044 | 0.124 | 0.008 | 0.101 | 0.033 | |
| (0.002, 0.176) | (0.032, 0.216) | (0.008, 0.194) | |||||
| Air pollution (quartiles of annual PM2.5 exposure) | A | 0.092 | 0.030 | 0.093 | 0.038 | 0.106 | 0.020 |
| (0.009, 0.176) | (0.005, 0.181) | (0.017, 0.194) | |||||
| B | 0.106 | 0.008 | 0.128 | 0.002 | 0.123 | 0.005 | |
| (0.027, 0.184) | (0.045, 0.210) | (0.038, 0.207) | |||||
| C | 0.097 | 0.016 | 0.124 | 0.003 | 0.117 | 0.006 | |
| (0.018, 0.175) | (0.041, 0.206) | (0.033, 0.200) | |||||
Model A: univariable.
Model B: adjusted for CVD risk factors (i.e. age, sex, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension), race, BMI, and statin use.
Model C (combines all multivariable models): adjusted for Model B and environmental and socioeconomic factors that differ between the groups of MACE vs. no MACE (i.e. noise exposure >55 dBA, local median income, median high school graduation rate, and baseline health insurance).
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PM, particulate matter. Significant P-values (P < 0.05) are bolded.