Table 3.
Applications of EVs in the Therapy of Stroke
| Agents | Vehicle | Species | In vitro | Effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | MSC-EVs | C57BL6 mice | N | ↓neurological impairment, ↑angio- neurogenesis, ↓immunosuppression | [109] |
| – | MSC-EVs | Rats | N | ↑functional recovery, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers | [110] |
| – | MSC-Exo | Rats | N | ↑neurogenesis, angiogenesis, behavioral performance | [111] |
| – | NSC-EVs | Pig | N | ↓cerebral lesion volume and brain swelling, ↑white matter integrity, ↑behavior and mobility | [112] |
| – | NPC-EVs | C57BL6 mice | N | ↑neurological recovery and neuroregeneration | [113] |
| – | Human CDC EVs | Rabbits | N | ↓behavioral deficits | [114] |
| – | LPS-stimulated macrophages Exo | Rats | Y | ↓brain infarct volume, inflammation response | [118] |
| - | M2 microglia- derived Exo | Mouse | N | ↓neuronal apoptosis, infarct volume, behavioral deficits | [119] |
| Curcumin | cRGD-Exo | Mice | N | ↓inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis | [120] |
| NGF mRNA and protein | RVG-Exo | C56BL/6 mice | N | ↓inflammation, ↑cell survival, population of neuroblast | [121] |
| Edaravone | Macrophage-derived Exo | Rat | N | ↓the death of neuronal cells, ↑the polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 | [122] |
| miR-17-92 cluster | Exo | Rats | N | ↑neurological function, oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurite remodeling/neuronal dendrite plasticity | [123] |
| miR-210 | cRGD-Exo | Mouse | N | ↑angiogenesis, animal survival rate | [124] |
| miR-126 | Endothelial cells Exo | Mice | Y | ↑neurological and cognitive function, ↑axon density, myelin density, vascular density, arterial diameter, | [125] |
| Circular RNA SCMH1 | RVG-EVs | Mice, monkeys | N | ↑functional recovery, neuronal plasticity, ↓glial activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration | [126] |
Notes: We mainly incorporated representative literatures in the last five years. In all studies, EVs or exosomes were injected intravenously.
Abbreviations: Ref, reference; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; EVs, extracellular vesicles; Y, yes; N, no; “↑”, improve; “↓”, exacerbate; NSC, Neural Stem Cell; Exo, exosomes; NPC, neural progenitor cells; CDC, cardiosphere-derived cell; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; cRGD, c(RGDyK)-conjugated peptide; NGF, nerve growth factor; RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein peptide; SCMH1, Scm Polycomb Group Protein Homolog 1 gene.