Table 2.
Comparison of smartphone based imaging devices for vivid biomedical applications
| Detection method | Target | Analytes/ technology used | Time for single test | Cellphone | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluorescence and brightfield imaging | Blood cells, hemoglobin | Nucleic acid staining dye and custom build imaging cytometry platforms | 10 seconds | Samsung Galaxy SII | [6] |
| Membrane technology with bio-chemiluminescence assay | Total bile acids and total cholesterol in whole blood | 3α-hydroxylsteroid dehydrogenase and luminol−H2O2−horseradish peroxidase | 3 minutes | iPhone 5S | [24] |
| Fluorescent imaging | Cronobacter spp. | Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes | - | Microsoft Lumia | [30] |
| Mie scattering detection, paper-based microfluidics | Salmonella | Antibody conjugated polystyrene submicroparticles | 1 minutes | iPhone 4 | [39] |
| Darkfield imaging with microfluidics | Bacteria and bacteriophage lysis | Melt-extruded fluoropolymer capillaries | 4 hours | iPhone 6s/ Xperia L1 | [40] |
| Colorimetric assays | Peanut allergen in food samples | ELISA allergen test kit, cellphone attachment with 2 test tubes and 2 LEDs | ~20 minutes | Samsung Galaxy S II | [63] |
| Fluorescence-based lateral flow immunoassay | Avian Influenza (AI) virus strains | Nitrocellulose strip coated with anti-influenza antibody | 15 minutes | Samsung Galaxy S3 | [46] |
| Colorimetric assay with microfluidic device | BDE-47 in food sample | (L)-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), Diaphorase, Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) | 15 minutes | ___ | [79] |
| Paper microfluidics with colorimetric assay | Red wine properties | Chemical dyes | ___ | iPhone 4 | [80] |
| SPE and fluorescence spectroscopy | Antibiotic residues in milk | Photography lightbox with fluorescent light | ___ | iPhone 5s | [81] |
| Paper-based colorimetric assay | Glutamate in food compound, instant soup and wines | Glutamate-specific enzyme | ___ | Samsung Galaxy S3 | [82] |
| Competitive immunoassay strip | OA and STX in shellfish | 3D-printed smartphone strip adapter | 30 minutes | iPhone 5s | [83] |
| Colorimetric imaging | Fluoride in water | Compact sample chamber adapter for Smartphone | ___ | Asus Zenfone, Moto G, Samsung DUOS | [84] |
| Disposable lateral flow-through strip | ALP as an indicator of incorrect milk pasteurization | pH indicators and phenylboronic acid | 10 minutes | Vivo S7i | [85] |
| Brightfield imaging | Blood cells | Fiber-optic array, LED | <1 minutes | Samsung Galaxy S II, Sony-Ericsson | [86] |
| Fluorescence and brightfield imaging | Plasmodium falciparum and blood cells | 455 nm LED, 20X wide-field microscope eyepiece, 100 nm fluorescent beads | 2 minutes | Nokia N73 | [87] |