Table 1.
Characteristics of the studied subjects.
| Variables | Subjects without insulin therapy (n = 640) | Subjects with insulin therapy (n = 1,716) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n, %) | 348 (54.4%) | 917 (53.4%) | 0.685 |
| Age (years) | 60 ± 11 | 61 ± 12 | 0.168 |
| *DD (months) | 48 (12–108) | 96 (24–156) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (n, %) | 167 (26.1%) | 465 (27.1%) | 0.625 |
| Alcohol (n, %) | 92 (14.4%) | 243 (14.2%) | 0.895 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 355 (55.5%) | 957 (55.8%) | 0.896 |
| LLD (n, %) | 196 (30.6%) | 531 (30.9%) | 0.881 |
| AHAs (n, %) | 313 (48.9%) | 886 (51.6%) | 0.239 |
| APAs (n, %) | 332 (51.9%) | 928 (54.1%) | 0.340 |
| Metformin (n, %) | 405 (63.3%) | 1,029 (60.0%) | 0.142 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131 ± 16 | 134 ± 18 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 9 | 80 ± 10 | 0.605 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.5 | 0.039 |
| WC (cm) | 89.4 ± 10.2 | 89.4 ± 10.5 | 0.869 |
| WHR | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.086 |
| *WBCC (109/L) | 5.9 (5.0–6.8) | 6.2 (5.2–7.4) | <0.001 |
| *BPC (1012/L) | 180 (153–214) | 183 (151–224) | 0.256 |
| *FPG (mmol/l) | 6.72 (5.77–8.15) | 8.12 (6.50–10.10) | <0.001 |
| *2h PPG (mmol/l) | 11.51 (9.06–14.12) | 14.30 (10.57–17.55) | <0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 7.59 ± 1.68 | 9.38 ± 2.18 | <0.001 |
| *FCP (ng/mL) | 2.15 (1.65–2.95) | 1.40 (0.84–2.10) | <0.001 |
| *2h C-P (ng/mL) | 5.29 (4.06–5.97) | 2.90 (1.64–4.59) | <0.001 |
| *Fins (mU/L) | 12.56 (9.30–17.94) | 16.98 (11.47–26.58) | <0.001 |
| *2h Pins (mU/L) | 46.28 (30.71–70.82) | 62.85 (42.19–90.21) | <0.001 |
| *TG (mmol/l) | 1.52 (1.03–2.12) | 1.38 (0.96–2.1) | 0.003 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.56 ± 0.93 | 4.73 ± 1.17 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.10 ± 0.27 | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 0.065 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.01 ± 0.81 | 3.11 ± 0.98 | 0.008 |
| *ALT (U/l) | 19 (13–29) | 18 (13–28) | 0.225 |
| *AST (U/l) | 19 (16–24) | 18 (15–24) | 0.127 |
| *Cr (μmol/l) | 68 (57–79) | 66 (55–82) | 0.778 |
| *SUA (μmol/l) | 324 (270–378) | 305 (253–373) | <0.001 |
| *UAE (mg/24 h) | 9.34 (5.83–18.05) | 13.05 (7.03–47.34) | <0.001 |
| *eGFR (ml/min/1.73) m2) | 106.29 (91.41–125.40) | 108.33 (86.32–133.26) | 0.682 |
| *CRP (mg/l) | 0.98 (0.44–2.10) | 1.17 (0.50–3.32) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± S.D, or median with interquartile range, or percentages.
*
The Mann-Whitney U–test was applied.
P-value: The p-values were not adjusted for age and sex for the trend.