Table 2.
Cluster Profiles: Mean and SD values for each measure for both clusters and for each cluster
| Variables | Low comorbidity (Cluster A) | High comorbidity (Cluster B) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 254) |
Women (n = 129) |
Students (n = 125) |
Forum users (n = 258) |
Total (n = 383) |
Men (n = 167) |
Women (n = 119) |
Students (n = 140) |
Forum users (n = 146) |
Total (n = 286) |
Total sample (n = 669) | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| P-anxiety | 2.8 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.9 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.5) | 8.7 (4.0) | 10.5 (3.9) | 9.5 (4.2) | 9.4 (3.9) | 9.4 (4.1) | 5.7 (4.6)* |
| P-depression | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.3) | 5.8 (3.4) | 5.8 (3.6) | 5.6 (3.4) | 5.9 (3.5) | 5.8 (3.5) | 3.1 (3.4)* |
| C-anxiety | 3.4 (2.5) | 3.4 (2.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 3.2 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.6) | 9.0 (3.8) | 10.3 (3.7) | 10.0 (3.9) | 9.0 (3.7) | 9.5 (3.9) | 6.0 (4.4)* |
| C-depression | 1.6 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.6) | 5.6 (2.9) | 5.9 (3.2) | 5.9 (3.1) | 5.6 (3.0) | 5.7 (3.1) | 3.3 (3.1)* |
| N. L. E | 2.7 (1.9) | 3.1 (2.3) | 2.6 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 2.9 (2.0) | 5.1 (2.1) | 5.3 (2.5) | 5.1 (2.2) | 5.2 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.3) | 3.8 (2.4)* |
| G. A | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.5) ns |
| Impulsivity total | 29.9 (5.7) | 28.3 (6.5) | 29.6 (6.4) | 29.2 (5.8) | 29.4 (6.0) | 35.5 (6.5) | 35.7 (6.7) | 35.4 (6.5) | 35.8 (6.6) | 35.6 (6.6) | 32.0 (7.0)* |
| N. P. impulsivity | 10.7 (3.2) | 9.9 (3.2) | 10.3 (3.2) | 10.5 (3.3) | 10.4 (3.3) | 13.5 (3.6) | 12.6 (3.4) | 12.5 (3.1) | 13.8 (3.9) | 13.1 (3.6) | 11.6 (3.7)* |
| M. impulsivity | 10.0 (2.4) | 10.0 (2.6) | 10.0 (2.7) | 10.0 (2.4) | 10.0 (2.5) | 11.2 (3.1) | 11.8 (3.1) | 11.6 (3.3) | 11.3 (3.0) | 11.4 (3.1) | 10.6 (2.9)* |
| A. impulsivity | 8.9 (2.4) | 8.2 (2.4) | 9.0 (2.6) | 8.5 (2.3) | 8.7 (2.4) | 10.9 (2.6) | 11.3 (2.9) | 11.4 (2.6) | 10.8 (2.8) | 11.1 (2.7) | 9.7 (2.9)* |
| Gambling beliefs | 52.2 (11.0) | 39.4 (11.4) | 50.3 (13.5) | 46.7 (12.1) | 47.9 (12.7) | 56.3 (11.6) | 46.3 (12.2) | 53.1 (12.1) | 51.2 (13.5) | 52.1 (12.8) | 49.7 (12.9)* |
| Illusion of Control | 24.0 (5.4) | 16.9 (5.4) | 22.2 (6.7) | 21.3 (6.2) | 21.6 (6.4) | 23.5 (5.5) | 19.7 (5.2) | 22.4 (5.7) | 21.6 (5.7) | 22.0 (5.7) | 21.7 (6.1) ns |
| Luck/Perseverance | 28.5 (7.1) | 22.0 (7.1) | 28.1 (8.1) | 25.5 (7.4) | 26.3 (7.7) | 33.0 (8.3) | 26.6 (8.9) | 30.9 (8.5) | 29.9 (9.6) | 30.4 (9.1) | 28.1 (8.6)* |
| Evaluation variable | |||||||||||
| PGSI | 2.9 (3.1) | 1.1 (2.6) | 2.5 (3.5) | 2.1 (2.9) | 2.3 (3.1) | 6.7 (4.9) | 2.6 (3.8) | 4.7 (5.0) | 5.2 (4.9) | 5.0 (4.9) | 3.4 (4.2)* |
NB: Two cluster solution: Schwarz’s BIC 3084.81; BIC Change -725.00; Ratio of BIC changes 1.00; Ratio of distance measures 3.53; P-anxiety and P-depression = symptoms from the HADS experienced prior to engagement in gambling; C-anxiety and C-depression = symptoms from the HADS experienced in the past couple of weeks (C-HADS); N.L.E = Negative Life Events; G. A = gambling associates; N. P impulsivity = Non-planning impulsivity; M. impulsivity = Motor Impulsivity; A. impulsivity = Attentional impulsivity. *Significant difference between the two clusters at p < .001 level; ns = no significant difference between the two clusters