Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients.
| Entire cohort | No EDRF | EDRF | P value | No need for IRS | Need for IRS | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 116 | 89 | 27 | 92 | 24 | ||
| Age (years) | 63 [51, 72] | 61 [49, 69] | 71 [64, 80] | <0.001 | 61 [48, 69] | 73 [65, 81] | <0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 55 (47.4) | 42 (47.2) | 13 (48.1) | 1.00 | 42 (45.7) | 13 (54.2) | 0.50 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 10 (8.6) | 8 (9.0) | 2 (7.4) | 1.00 | 9 (9.8) | 1 (4.2) | 0.69 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 38 (32.8) | 22 (24.7) | 16 (59.3) | 0.002 | 25 (27.2) | 13 (54.2) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 20 (17.2) | 16 (18.0) | 4 (14.8) | 1.00 | 15 (16.3) | 5 (20.8) | 0.56 |
| CAD, n (%) | 12 (10.3) | 9 (10.1) | 3 (11.1) | 1.00 | 9 (9.8) | 3 (12.5) | 0.71 |
| COPD, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | 0 (0) | 2 (8.3) | 0.04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) | 0.05 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (4.2) | 0.37 |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 4 (3.4) | 3 (3.4) | 1 (3.7) | 1.00 | 3 (3.3) | 1 (4.2) | 1.00 |
| Signs and symptoms | |||||||
| Fever, n (%) | 100 (86.2) | 75 (84.3) | 25 (92.6) | 0.35 | 77 (83.7) | 23 (95.8) | 0.19 |
| Cough, n (%) | 80 (69.0) | 58 (65.2) | 22 (81.5) | 0.15 | 62 (67.4) | 18 (75) | 0.62 |
| Sputum production, n (%) | 15 (12.9) | 9 (10.1) | 6 (22.2) | 0.11 | 11 (12) | 4 (16.7) | 0.51 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 99 (85.3) | 73 (82.0) | 26 (96.3) | 0.12 | 77 (83.7) | 22 (91.7) | 0.52 |
| Headache, n (%) | 6 (5.2) | 6 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 0.33 | 6 (6.65) | 0 (0) | 0.34 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 66 (56.9) | 42 (47.2) | 24 (88.9) | <0.001 | 44 (47.8) | 22 (91.7) | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting, n (%) | 25 (21.6) | 17 (19.1) | 8 (29.6) | 0.29 | 19 (20.7) | 6 (25) | 0.78 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 23 (19.8) | 18 (20.2) | 5 (18.5) | 1.00 | 19 (20.7) | 4 (16.7) | 0.78 |
| Anorexia, n (%) | 8 (6.9) | 3 (3.4) | 5 (18.5) | 0.02 | 2 (2.2) | 6 (25) | <0.001 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia, n (%) | 10 (8.6) | 8 (9.0) | 2 (7.4) | 1.00 | 8 (8.7) | 2 (8.3) | 1.00 |
| Onset of symptom to hospital admission, days | 12 [9, 16] | 12 [9, 18] | 9 [6, 13] | 0.02 | 12 [9, 17] | 10 [7, 16] | 0.16 |
| Vital signs at hospital admission | |||||||
| Altered mental status, n (%) | 6 (5.2) | 1 (1.1) | 5 (18.5) | 0.003 | 0 (0) | 6 (25) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/minute | 90 [79, 102] | 89 [79, 101] | 96 [83, 106] | 0.09 | 88 [78, 101] | 95 [86, 107] | 0.02 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/minute | 23 [20, 29] | 22 [20, 26] | 28 [21, 34] | <0.01 | 22 [20, 25] | 32 [22, 35] | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 132 [122, 145] | 131 [122, 144] | 141 [127, 151] | 0.19 | 131 [122, 144] | 139 [122, 152] | 0.25 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 78 [68, 84] | 78 [69, 83] | 77 [66, 93] | 0.52 | 79 [69, 84] | 75 [66, 92] | 0.96 |
| Early warning scores at hospital admission | |||||||
| NEWS | 5 [3, 7] | 5 [3, 6] | 7 [5, 9] | <0.001 | 5 [3, 6] | 8 [6, 10] | <0.001 |
| NEWS-C | 6 [5, 9] | 6 [5, 8] | 10 [6, 12] | <0.001 | 6 [4, 8] | 10 [8, 13] | <0.001 |
| NEWS 2 | 6 [5, 8] | 6 [5, 8] | 7 [4, 9] | 0.16 | 6 [4, 8] | 7 [6, 9] | 0.004 |
| HEWS | 3 [2, 5] | 3 [2, 4] | 6 [3, 9] | 0.001 | 3 [1, 4] | 7 [5, 10] | <0.001 |
| MEWS | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | 3 [2, 5] | 0.001 | 2 [1, 3] | 4 [3, 5] | <0.001 |
| qSOFA | 1 [0, 1] | 1 [0, 1] | 1 [0, 1] | 0.03 | 1 [0, 1] | 1 [1, 2] | <0.001 |
| Respiratory status assessment | |||||||
| PaO2 on admission, mmHg | 90 [69, 95] | 92 [78, 96] | 69 [55, 88] | <0.001 | 92 [77, 96] | 69 [55, 83] | <0.001 |
| PaCO2 on admission, mmHg | 41 [38, 44] | 42 [39, 45] | 39 [37, 44] | 0.11 | 41 [38, 45] | 41 [38, 44] | 0.62 |
| PaO2/FiO2 on admission, mmHg | 292 [245, 326] | 305 [272, 328] | 245 [167, 303] | 0.001 | 305 [274, 329] | 196 [150, 260] | <0.001 |
| SOFAresp on admission | 2 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 2] | 2 [1, 3] | 0.004 | 1 [1, 2] | 3 [2, 3] | <0.001 |
| PaO2 at day 3, mmHg | 94 [85, 96] | 95 [92, 97] | 63 [52, 84] | <0.001 | 95 [92, 97] | 63 [51, 80] | <0.001 |
| PaCO2 at day 3, mmHg | 41 [37, 46] | 42 [38, 46] | 39 [36, 45] | 0.10 | 41 [37, 46] | 42 [38, 46] | 0.85 |
| PaO2/FiO2 at day 3, mmHg | 314 [241, 330] | 326 [277, 349] | 156 [87, 197] | <0.001 | 326 [277, 334] | 102 [74, 159] | <0.001 |
| SOFAresp at day 3 | 1 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 2] | 3 [3, 4] | <0.001 | 1 [1, 2] | 3 [3, 4] | <0.001 |
| EDRF, n (%) | 27 (23.3) | 0 (0) | 27 (100) | <0.001 | 7 (7.6) | 20 (83.3) | <0.001 |
| Need for IRS, n (%) | 24 (20.7) | 4 (4.5) | 20 (74.1) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory support | |||||||
| High flow nasal cannula, n (%) | 24 (20.7) | 4 (4.5) | 20 (74.1) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | <0.001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 5 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (18.5) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 5 (20.8) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 8 (6.9) | 1 (1.1) | 7 (25.9) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 8 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Need for vasopressor support, n (%) | 9 (7.8) | 2 (2.2) | 7 (25.9) | <0.001 | 1 (1.1) | 8 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (3.7) | 0.55 | 2 (2.2) | 1 (4.2) | 0.50 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.7) | 0.23 | 0 (0) | 1 (4.2) | 0.21 |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 9 (7.8) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (29.6) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 9 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 29 [18, 36] | 28 [18, 34] | 38 [8, 49] | 0.04 | 29 [18, 35] | 37 [7, 49] | 0.28 |
Continuous variables are shown as the mean ± SD or median [IQR], as appropriate. Categorical variables are shown as number (%).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; HEWS, Hamilton Early Warning Score; MEWS, Modified Early Warning Score; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; NEWS-C, modified NEWS; NEWS 2, National Early Warning Score 2; qSOFA, quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; EDRF, early deterioration of respiratory function; IRS, intensive respiratory support.