Table 2.
Associations between food texture acceptance score (TextAcc) and children's characteristics and skills and maternal feeding practices from multiple linear regression models performed by age class [the reported figures are beta values (95% confidence intervals)].
| Age groups (in months) | Tested variable modality | 4-5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13-15 | 16-18 | 19-21 | 22-24 | 25-29 | 30-36 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 142 | 283 | 235 | 243 | 187 | 195 | 168 | 137 | 370 | 279 | 254 | 178 | 203 | 125 | |
| N observations used | 128 | 269 | 222 | 231 | 174 | 190 | 156 | 127 | 351 | 255 | 256 | 150 | 163 | 88 | |
| EXPOSURE TO FOOD TEXTURE | |||||||||||||||
| T1 | 0.03* | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02*** | −0.02*** | −0.01** | −0.02** | −0.02*** | −0.04*** | −0.02* | −0.02 | −0.03*** | −0.05*** | |
| (0.00, 0.05) | (−0.01, 0.02) | (−0.02, 0.01) | (−0.02, 0.00) | (−0.03, −0.01) | (−0.03, −0.01) | (−0.03, −0.06) | (−0.04, −0.01) | (−0.03, −0.01) | (−0.05, −0.03) | (−0.03, −0.00) | (−0.05,0.01) | (−0.05, −0.02) | (−0.07, −0.02) | ||
| T2 | – | 0.08** | 0.07*** | 0.05*** | 0.06*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** | 0.01 | 0.03*** | 0.04*** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | |
| (0.03, 0.14) | (0.04, 0.10) | (0.02, 0.07) | (0.04, 0.08) | (0.02,0.05) | (0.02, 0.05) | (−0.01, 0.03) | (0.02, 0.05) | (0.02, 0.06) | (−0.01, 0.02) | (−0.03, 0.04) | (−0.02, 0.03) | (−0.02, 0.07) | |||
| T3 | – | 0.04* | 0.03* | 0.03*** | 0.02**> | 0.02*** | 0.02*** | 0.02*** | 0.03*** | 0.01** | 0.01*** | 0.01** | 0.02*** | 0.01 | |
| (0.01, 0.08) | (0.01, 0.06) | (0.01, 0.04) | (0.01, 0.03) | (0.02, 0.03) | (0.01, 0.03) | (0.01, 0.03) | (0.02, 0.05) | (0.00, 0.01) | (0.01,0.02) | (0.01, 0.03) | (0.01, 0.03) | (−0.01, 0.02) | |||
| CHILDREN CHARACTERISTICS AND SKILLS (MODALITY OF REFERENCE) | |||||||||||||||
| Number of teeth | 0.16*** | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03* | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02* | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| (0.09; 0.23) | (−0.06, 0.10) | (−0.04, 0.03) | (−0.03, 0.03) | (−0.00,0.46) | (0.00, 0.05) | (−0;01, 0.05) | (−0.05, 0.06) | (0.00, 0.04) | (−0.01, 0.02) | (−0.02, 0.02) | (−0.05, 0.02) | (−0.02, 0.04) | (−0.03, 0.06) | ||
| Current weight–for–length z–score | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04* | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.08 | |
| (−0.07, 0.08) | (−0.06,0.03) | (−0.01, 0.08) | (0.00, 0.08) | (−0.01, 0;07) | (−0.05, 0.06) | (−0.06, 0.05) | (−0.01, 0.11) | (−0.07, 0.02) | (−0.01,0;08) | (−0.01; 0.10) | (−0.10, 0.10) | (−0.05, 0.10) | (−0.17, 0.01) | ||
| Eating with fingers (sometimes/often) | Rarely/never | −0.05 | −0.13 | 0.25** | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.21*** | −0.24* | −0.13* | −0.31** | −0.32* | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.15 |
| (−0.49, 0.39) | (−0.36,0.11) | (0.07, 0.42) | (−0.21, 0.07) | (−0.19, 0.06) | (−0.25, 0.01) | (−0.34, −0.09) | (−0.45, −0.04) | (−0.25, −0.01) | (−0.49, −0.11) | (−0.58, −0.07) | (−0.38, 0.30) | (−0.31, 0.28) | (−0.19, 0.48) | ||
| Gagging frequency (never) | Rarely | −0.19 | −0.16* | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.16* | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.17* | 0.07 | −0.06 | −0.26 |
| (−0.43, 0.13) | (−0.30, −0.02) | (−0.14, 0.10) | (−0.17, 0.07) | (−0.18, 0.06) | (−0.15, 0.12) | (−0.29, −0.01) | (−0.27, 0.12) | (−0.20, 0.02) | (−0.19, 0.08) | (−0.32, −0.02) | (−0.18, 0.31) | (−0.23, 0.11) | (−0.54, 0.02) | ||
| Sometimes/often | −0.16 | −0.18* | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.14 | −0.19* | −0.24* | −0.26*** | −0.36*** | −0.05 | −0.27 | −0.50** | −0.16 | |
| (−0.40, 0.09) | (−0.32, −0.04) | (−0.15, 0.12) | (−0.15,0.10) | (−0.27, 0.00) | (−0.31, 0.03) | (−0.34, −0.03) | (−0.47, −0.05) | (−0.40, −0.12) | (−0.50, −0.17) | (−0.29, 0.16) | (−0.59, 0.06) | (−0.80, −0.20) | (−0.49, 0.18) | ||
| FEEDING PRACTICES (MODALITY OF REFERENCE) | |||||||||||||||
| Age of CF | −0.15 | −0.17** | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.00 | −0.10** | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.02 | |
| (−0.44, 0.13) | (−0.29, −0.06) | (−0.11, 0.03) | (−0.12,0.01) | (−0.10, 0.01) | (−0.09, 0.06) | (−0.09,0.07) | (−0.17, −0.03) | (−0.05, 0.05) | (−0.08, 0.02) | (−0.05, 0.08) | (−0.07, 0.16) | (−0.08, 0.03) | (−0.05, 0.08) | ||
| Feelings re: introduction of solids (unconcerned) | Eager | 0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.12 | −0.10 | −0.03 | −0.12 | 0.02 | −0.17 | −0.10 | 0.16 | −0.24 |
| (−0.20, 0;23) | (−0.05, 0.20) | (−0.15, 0.08) | (−0.10, 0.12) | (−0.21, 0.09) | (−0.04, 0.28) | (−0.25, 0.05) | (−0.28, 0.18) | (−0.24, 0.03) | (−0.16, 0.19) | (−0.36, 0.02) | (−0.42, 0.21) | (−0.07, 0.39) | (−0.54, 0.06) | ||
| Reluctant | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.15* | −0.04 | −0.13* | 0.03 | −0.19* | −0.00 | −0.18** | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.26 | 0.06 | −0.31* | |
| (−0.32, 0.32) | (−0.13, 0.22) | (−0.29, −0.02) | (−0.17, 0.10) | (−0.25, −0.01) | (−0.11,0.18) | (−0.34, −0.03) | (−0.20, 0.20) | (−0.29, −0.07) | (−0.21, 0.06) | (−0.33, 0.00) | (−0.54, 0.03) | (−0.11, 0.23) | (−0.61, −0.02) | ||
| Model R2 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.37 | |
Significant effects are highlighted in bold:
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001).
For categorical data, the modality of reference is specified within brackets.
“–:” not tested because mostly not offered in this age class.
CF, complementary feeding.