. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2020 Sep 14;116(5):1101–1112. doi: 10.1111/add.15225

Table 2.

Characteristics of the five latent classes

			Desistant Classes		Persistent Classes
	Full Sample	1. No/Low Use	2. Desistant Cannabis Use	3. Desistant Party Drug Use	4. Persistent Prescription Misuse	5. Persistent Polydrug Use	Omnibus χ²
Demographics	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Full sample	3785 (100)	1901 (50)	855 (23)	681 (18)	169 (4)	179 (5)	-
Within men	1365 (36)	333 (24)	572 (42)	306 (22)	37 (3)	117 (9)	-
Within women	2420 (64)	1568 (65)	283 (12)	375 (16)	132 (5)	62 (3)	-
% Female	64	82	33	55	78	35	-
	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)
Age	31.77 (0.05)	32.31 (0.10)³	32.13 (0.15)	31.63 (0.13)¹	32.51 (0.28)	31.81 (0.22)	24.60^*
Education	13.24 (0.02)	13.40 (0.04)⁵	13.08 (0.08)	13.23 (0.07)	13.14 (0.14)	12.78 (0.13)¹	29.08^*
% Married	57	67³⁵	61³⁵	36¹²⁴⁵	60³⁵	12¹²³⁴	414.59^*
Lifetime Drugs Used	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)
	1.73 (0.03)	0.52 (0.01)²³⁴⁵	1.56 (0.02)¹³⁴⁵	3.87 (0.04)¹²⁴⁵	2.49 (0.08)¹²³⁵	6.66 (0.09)²³⁴⁵	5642.66^*
Age of First Use	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)
Alcohol	15.85 (0.04)	16.87 (0.08)²³⁵	14.98 (0.10)¹⁴⁵	14.97 (0.09)¹⁴⁵	16.16 (0.24)²³⁵	13.94 (0.18)¹²³⁴	473.3^*
Nicotine	14.27 (0.06)	15.09 (0.14)²³⁵	13.90 (0.16)¹⁵	13.68 (0.16)¹	14.59 (0.37)⁵	12.52 (0.29)¹²⁴	96.14^*
Cannabis	17.91 (0.07)	19.69 (0.33)²³⁵	18.15 (0.14)¹³⁵	16.89 (0.13)¹²⁵	18.15 (0.41)⁵	15.64 (0.24)¹²³⁴	215.28^*
Opportunity to Use	%	%	%	%	%	%
Cannabis	89	75²³⁴⁵	100¹³⁴	99¹²⁴⁵	89¹²³⁵	100¹³⁴	468.90^*
Stimulants	46	10²³⁴⁵	66¹³⁴⁵	98¹²⁴	41¹²³⁵	99¹²⁴	4095.32^*
Cocaine/Crack	27	5²³⁵	25¹³⁵	78¹²⁴⁵	14³⁵	95¹²³⁴	2620.21^*
Hallucinogens	27	3²³⁴⁵	30¹³⁴⁵	70¹²⁴⁵	12¹²³⁵	95¹²³⁴	2329.30^*
Opioids	24	15³⁴⁵	12³⁴⁵	30¹²⁴⁵	95¹²³	82¹²³	840.22^*
Sedatives	14	5³⁴⁵	5³⁴⁵	22¹²⁵	36¹²⁵	84¹²³⁴	631.23^*
Inhalants	14	0²³⁵	17¹³⁵	30¹²⁴⁵	10³⁵	86¹²³⁴	874.00^*
Dissociatives	6	<1³⁵	1³⁵	11¹²⁴⁵	0³⁵	68¹²³⁴	349.47^*
Solvents	6	1²³⁵	8¹⁵	9¹⁵	6⁵	28¹²³⁴	102.95^*
Peer Drug Use	% of Peers	% of Peers	% of Peers	% of Peers	% of Peers	% of Peers
Male Friends	45	20²³⁴⁵	61²³⁴⁵	74¹²⁴⁵	40¹²³⁵	90²³⁴⁵	1627.87^*
Female Friends	33	15²³⁴⁵	40¹³⁵	62¹²⁴⁵	29¹³⁵	76²³⁴⁵	1134.38^*
Coworkers	9	6³⁵	9³⁵	14¹²	9⁵	23¹²⁴	131.21^*
Lifetime Use Disorder	%	%	%	%	%	%
Alcohol	37	15²³⁴⁵	70¹⁴	66¹⁴⁵	47¹²³⁵	82¹³⁴	736.21^*
Nicotine	32	15²³⁴⁵	47¹⁵	57¹	44¹⁵	70¹²⁴	472.00^*
Cannabis	16	0²³⁴⁵	18¹³⁵	45¹²⁴⁵	14¹³⁵	74¹²³⁴	919.69^*
Stimulants	9	0³⁵	0³⁵	25¹²⁴⁵	3³⁵	73¹²³⁴	589.12^*
Cocaine/Crack	1	0⁵	0⁵	3⁵	0⁵	15¹²³⁴	46.99^*
Hallucinogens	2	0⁵	0⁵	3⁵	0⁵	4¹²³⁴	79.10^*
Opioids	2	0⁵	0⁵	3⁵	3⁵	19¹²³⁴	62.92^*
Sedatives	1	0⁵	0⁵	<1⁵	3⁵	14¹²³⁴	41.22^*
Inhalants	<1	0	0	0	0	2	6.06
Dissociatives	<1	0	0	0	0	<1	9.35
Solvents	<1	0	0	0	0	<1	2.01
Psychiatric Symptoms	%	%	%	%	%	%
ADHD	4	2³⁵	5	6¹	8	11¹	33.01^*
Conduct Disorder	9	<1²³⁴⁵	12¹⁵	17¹⁵	16¹⁵	39¹²³⁴	288.14^*
ASPD	3	0²³⁴⁵	3¹⁵	4¹⁵	8¹	23¹²³	96.21^*
Depressive Episode	25	22⁴⁵	21⁴⁵	27⁴	49¹²³	37¹²	53.77^*
Suicidal Ideation	27	19³⁴⁵	27⁴⁵	32¹⁵	45¹²	55¹²³	115.27^*
Suicide Attempt	4	3³	2⁵	8¹	12	12²	41.47^*

Note. Lifetime drugs used range=0–9; ADHD=attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASPD=antisocial personality disorder; superscript denotes significant pairwise difference from correspondingly numbered class at Bonferroni-corrected p<.0002;

p<.0001.