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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2020 Aug 15;256:645–656. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.057

Fig. 9 – The role of S1P produced by SPHK1 in tumor microenvironment.

Fig. 9 –

S1P is generated by SPHK1 from sphingosine in the cytosol of tumor cells. S1P is exported out of the cell via S1P transporters, such as ABC transporters and SPNS2. Extracellular S1P stimulates S1PRs on the surface of the tumor cell itself, and immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes. S1P signaling may promote the production of cytokines and chemokines in these cells within the tumor microenvironment.