Table 3.
Parameter estimates (β) for the ordinal logistic regression analysis for (a) concern, (b) anthropogenic and (c) Imminence opinions. Data are aggregated when the opinions are treated as independent variables, i.e. aggregated values group negative and positive responses together (‘yes’ with ‘probably yes’ and ‘no’ with ‘probably not’) with ‘maybe’ kept as a neutral reference point. Threshold represents the response variable, e.g. for a), y-axis: concern that is assessed against independent variable data (x-axis: anthropogenic (aggregated), imminence (aggregated), country and gender)
| (a) Concern | β | Std. error | Wald | df | Sig. | 95% confidence interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||||||
| Threshold, i.e. response variable | Concern = ‘no’ | − 3.213 | 0.619 | 26.937 | 1 | < .001*** | − 4.426 | − 2 |
| Concern = ‘probably not’ | − 1.884 | 0.446 | 17.812 | 1 | < .001*** | − 2.759 | − 1.009 | |
| Concern = ‘maybe’ | − 0.358 | 0.39 | 0.842 | 1 | 0.359 | − 1.123 | 0.407 | |
| Concern = ‘probably yes’ | 1.224 | 0.395 | 9.628 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.451 | 1.997 | |
| Independent variables, i.e. predictor variables | Anthropogenic (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.027 | 0.426 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.949 | − 0.863 | 0.808 |
| Anthropogenic (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 1.674 | 0.297 | 31.861 | 1 | < .001*** | 1.093 | 2.255 | |
| Anthropogenic =‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Imminence (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.612 | 0.561 | 1.192 | 1 | 0.275 | − 1.711 | 0.487 | |
| Imminence (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 0.751 | 0.294 | 6.55 | 1 | 0.01** | 0.176 | 1.327 | |
| Imminence =‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Austria | − 0.076 | 0.269 | 0.079 | 1 | 0.779 | − 0.602 | 0.451 | |
| Australia | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Females | − 0.078 | 0.206 | 0.144 | 1 | 0.704 | − 0.481 | 0.325 | |
| Males | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| (b) Anthropogenic | β | Std. error | Wald | df | Sig. | 95% confidence interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||||||
| Threshold, i.e. response variable | Anthropogenic = ’no’ | − 1.726 | 0.437 | 15.573 | 1 | < .001*** | − 2.583 | − 0.869 |
| Anthropogenic = ‘probably not’ | − 1.038 | 0.408 | 6.471 | 1 | 0.011* | − 1.838 | − 0.238 | |
| Anthropogenic = ‘maybe’ | 0.118 | 0.394 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.764 | − 0.655 | 0.891 | |
| Anthropogenic = ‘probably yes’ | 1.593 | 0.404 | 15.556 | 1 | < .001*** | 0.802 | 2.385 | |
| Independent variables, i.e. predictor variables | Concern (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.548 | 0.585 | 0.879 | 1 | 0.348 | − 1.694 | 0.597 |
| Concern (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 1.325 | 0.315 | 17.651 | 1 | < .001*** | 0.707 | 1.943 | |
| Concern (aggregated) = ‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Imminence (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.098 | 0.564 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.863 | − 1.204 | 1.009 | |
| Imminence (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 1.07 | 0.276 | 14.986 | 1 | < .001*** | 0.528 | 1.612 | |
| Imminence (aggregated) = ‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Austria | − 0.319 | 0.244 | 1.714 | 1 | 0.19 | − 0.796 | 0.158 | |
| Australia | 0a | 0 | ||||||
| Females | − 0.431 | 0.187 | 5.291 | 1 | 0.021* | − 0.799 | − 0.064 | |
| Males | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| (c) Imminence | β | Std. error | Wald | df | Sig. | 95% confidence interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||||||
| Threshold, i.e. response variable | Imminence = ‘no’ | − 3.16 | 0.512 | 38.07 | 1 | < .001*** | − 4.164 | − 2.156 |
| Imminence = ‘probably not’ | − 2.693 | 0.472 | 32.559 | 1 | < .001*** | − 3.618 | − 1.768 | |
| Imminence = ‘maybe’ | − 0.939 | 0.413 | 5.169 | 1 | 0.023 | − 1.749 | − 0.13 | |
| Imminence = ‘probably yes’ | 0.556 | 0.411 | 1.83 | 1 | 0.176 | − 0.25 | 1.361 | |
| Independent variables, i.e. predictor variables | Concern (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.389 | 0.584 | 0.443 | 1 | 0.506 | − 1.534 | 0.756 |
| Concern (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 0.586 | 0.324 | 3.259 | 1 | 0.071 | − 0.05 | 1.222 | |
| Concern (aggregated) = ‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Anthropogenic (aggregated) = ‘no/probably not’ | − 0.122 | 0.432 | 0.079 | 1 | 0.778 | − 0.968 | 0.724 | |
| Anthropogenic (aggregated) = ‘yes/probably yes’ | 0.739 | 0.292 | 6.406 | 1 | 0.011* | 0.167 | 1.311 | |
| Anthropogenic (aggregated) = ‘maybe’ | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Austria | − 0.668 | 0.241 | 7.718 | 1 | 0.005** | − 1.14 | − 0.197 | |
| Australia | 0a | 0 | ||||||
| Females | − 0.225 | 0.189 | 1.410 | 1 | 0.235 | − 0.596 | 0.146 | |
| Males | 0a | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | |
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < 0.05
aThis parameter is set to zero because it is redundant as it is the neutral reference point against which the other variables are analysed