Table 1.

General characteristics of included studies

Author, year	Country	Study design	Participants (sample; gender; age)	OMI (sample; dimensions; site; load)	Groups	Evaluation methods	Follow-up time
Abohabib, 2018 [10]	Egypt	RCT	15 participants; -; 20.9 ± 3.4 years	30 OMI; 1.5 mm diameter and 8 mm length; maxilla; IL (150 g)	L group; C group	Stability: RFA using the Osstell ISQ device. Clinical success/failure rates: absence/presence of mobility.	10 weeks
Ekizer, 2016 [14]	Turkey	RCT	20 participants; 13 F/7 M; 16.77 ± 1.41 years	20 OMI; 1.6 mm diameter and 8 mm length; maxilla; -	L group; C group	Stability: RFA using the Osstell ISQ device. Inflammation: interleukin-1β levels in gingival and peri-implant crevicular fluid	3 months
Flieger, 2019	Poland	RCT	20 participants; 13 F/7M; 32.5 ± 6.1 years	40 OMI; 1.4 mm diameter and 10 mm length; maxilla; -.	L group; C group	Stability: PTV using the Periotest device. Pain: NRS-11	60 days
Marañón-Vásquez, 2019 [6]	Brazil	Non-RCT	19 participants; -; -	48 OMI for stability; 35 OMI for displacement; 1.5 mm diameter and 8 mm length; maxilla/mandible; IL/DL (150 g)	PBM + IL group; PBM + DL group; IL group/DL group	Stability: RFA using the Osstell ISQ device. Displacement: Images from CBCT	3 months
Matys, 2020 [16]	Poland	RCT	22 participants; 14 F/8 M; 31.7 ± 9.7 years	44 OMI; 1.4 mm diameter and 10 mm length; maxilla; -	L group; C group	Stability: PTV using the Periotest device. Pain: NRS-11	60 days
Osman, 2017 [15]	Egypt	RCT	12 participants; 6 F/6 M; 14 to 28 years	24 OMI; -; maxilla; DL (150 g)	L group; C group	Stability: PTV using the Periotest device. Inflammation: gingival index	60 days

RCT randomized clinical trial, Non-RCT non-randomized clinical trial, F female sex, M male sex, OMI orthodontic mini-implant, L laser, C control, PBM photobiomodulation, IL immediate loading, DL delay loading, PTV periotest value, NRS-11 numeric pain rating scale-11, RFA resonance frequency analysis, CBCT cone beam computed tomograph