Table 2.
Frequencies of the tested variables in the cases, controls, and total study cohort.
| Variables | Categories | Inflammatory bowel disease %(n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases, % | Controls, % | Total, % | ||
| (n = 1,147) | (n = 7,015) | (n = 7,015) | ||
| Non- modifiable; genetic and demographic factors | ||||
| Maternal History of IBD | Mothers without IBD | 90.0 (260) | 98.8 (2,135) | 97.7 (2,395) |
| Mothers with IBD | 10.0 (29) | 1.2 (27) | 2.3 (56) | |
| Dog breed | IBD prone breeds | 55.5 (562) | 50.4 (2,583) | 51.2 (3,145) |
| IBD non-prone breeds | 44.5 (450) | 49.6 (2,546) | 48.8 (2,996) | |
| Dog gender | Males | 60.3 (675) | 43.4 (2,480) | 46.2 (3,155) |
| Females | 39.7 (444) | 56.6 (3,232) | 53.8 (3,676) | |
| Dog color | White >50% | 21.8 (240) | 20.0 (1,107) | 20.3 (1,347) |
| White <50% | 78.2 (862) | 80.0 (4,441) | 79.7 (5,303) | |
| Dog age, years (mean ± SD)* | 5.10 ± 3.06 | 5.04 ± 3.12 | 5.05 ± 3.11 | |
| Modifiable factors | ||||
| Prenatal period (pregnancy) | ||||
| Maternal gestation diet | NPMB | 6.0 (22) | 9.1 (178) | 8.6 (200) |
| UPCD | 94.0 (346) | 90.9 (1,788) | 91.4 (2,134) | |
| Was the mother dewormed during/just before pregnancy? | Yes | 95.9 (446) | 96.2 (2,717) | 96.2 (3,163) |
| No | 4.1 (19) | 3.8 (107) | 3.8 (126) | |
| Was the mother vaccinated during/just before pregnancy? | Yes | 59.5 (150) | 48.7 (830) | 50.1 (980) |
| No | 40.5 (102) | 51.3 (873) | 49.9 (975) | |
| Neonatal period (lactation) | ||||
| Maternal lactation diet | NPMB | 6.2 (21) | 9.2 (172) | 8.7 (193) |
| UPCD | 93.8 (319) | 90.8 (1,706) | 91.3 (2,025) | |
| Early postnatal period (puppy 1–2 months of age) | ||||
| Puppy's first solid diet | NPMD | 5.9 (22) | 10.3 (198) | 9.6 (220) |
| UPCD | 94.1 (353) | 89.7 (1,720) | 90.4 (2,073) | |
| Frequency of outdoor activity | Many times/day | 51.4 (331) | 60.0 (2,105) | 58.6 (2,436) |
| Once/day | 15.5 (100) | 15.7 (552) | 15.7 (652) | |
| A few times/week | 14.4 (93) | 11.5 (405) | 12.0 (498) | |
| A few times/month | 7.3 (47) | 5.0 (176) | 5.4 (223) | |
| Not at all | 11.3 (73) | 7.8 (273) | 8.3 (346) | |
| Rest, hours/day (mean ± SD)* | 15.99 ± 3.97 | 15.98 ± 3.80 | 15.98 ± 3.82 | |
| Type of flooring | Slippery flooring | 9.7 (66) | 10.9 (399) | 10.7 (465) |
| Non-slippery flooring | 26.3 (179) | 27.4 (1,006) | 27.2 (1,185) | |
| Dirt flooring | 5.9 (40) | 7.5 (275) | 7.2 (315) | |
| Newspaper flooring | 30.0 (204) | 27.8 (1,023) | 28.2 (1,227) | |
| Carpet flooring | 28.1 (191) | 26.5 (973) | 26.7 (1,164) | |
| Body condition score | Obese puppy | 14.6 (109) | 14.6 (573) | 14.6 (682) |
| Normal weight puppy | 75.1 (561) | 75.9 (2,977) | 75.8 (3,538) | |
| Slim puppy | 10.3 (77) | 9.5 (371) | 9.6 (448) | |
| Late postnatal period (puppy 2–6 months) | ||||
| Puppy diet | NPMD | 15.1 (45) | 22.2 (310) | 20.9 (355) |
| UPCD | 84.9 (254) | 77.8 (1,088) | 79.1 (1,342) | |
| Outdoor activity, hours/day | < 0.5 | 1.2 (9) | 2.2 (89) | 2.1 (98) |
| 0.5–1.0 | 28.3 (219) | 25.5 (1,019) | 26.0 (1,238) | |
| 1.0–2.0 | 51.8 (401) | 51.5 (2,057) | 51.6 (2,458) | |
| > 2.0 | 18.7 (145) | 20.7 (826) | 20.4 (971) | |
| Rest, hours/day (mean ± SD)* | 14.52 ± 3.21 | 14.43 ± 3.28 | 14.45 ± 3.27 | |
| Type of flooring | Slippery flooring | 23.4 (191) | 24.5 (1,040) | 24.3 (1,231) |
| Non-slippery flooring | 24.9 (203) | 25.1 (1,064) | 25.0 (1,267) | |
| Dirt flooring | 1.0 (8) | 2.0 (85) | 1.8 (93) | |
| Newspaper flooring | 0.5 (4) | 0.3 (11) | 0.3 (15) | |
| Carpets flooring | 12.0 (98) | 13.5 (572) | 13.2 (670) | |
| Body condition score | Obese puppy | 7.3 (59) | 6.4 (266) | 6.5 (325) |
| Normal weight puppy | 61.6 (495) | 69.0 (2,883) | 67.8 (3,378) | |
| Slim puppy | 31.1 (250) | 24.7 (1,032) | 25.7 (1,282) | |
| Was the puppy vaccinated 2–4 times under 1 year of age? | Yes | 98.1 (1,050) | 98.7 (5,493) | 98.6 (6,543) |
| No | 1.9 (20) | 1.3 (72) | 1.4 (92) | |
| Was the puppy dewormed 2–10 times under 1 year of age? | Yes | 98.9 (1,018) | 98.8 (5,303) | 98.8 (6,321) |
| No | 1.1 (11) | 1.2 (64) | 1.2 (75) | |
(n): the number of dogs, IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NPMD, non-processed meat based diet; UPCD, ultra-processed carbohydrate based diet.
*
Scale variables presented as (mean ± SD).