FIGURE 3.

Quantitative simulation for in vitro exposure system (IVES) using COMSOL Multiphysics with air used as the gas of interest for simulation. a) A three-dimensional view of the IVES with air flow streamlines showing vortices in IVES and how gases distribute. b) Top view with gas flow streamlines. c and d) The side views with gas flow streamlines. e) The top view of the velocity profile (m·s⁻¹) for the modelled gas presenting a uniform flow distribution among all four exposure chambers with a gentle velocity decrease. f) The velocity profile (μm·s⁻¹) at the close approximation to the surface where the cells were cultured. g) The shear stress (Pa) profile at the location that the cells were cultured. It should be noted that both air and smoke inlets are merged into a larger duct which is only shown in this figure.