Table 8.
Hierarchical regression analysis results for changes in sleep patterns, daytime napping and negative emotions between before and after the epidemic
| Factor | Annoyed (β) | Anxious (β) | Helpless (β) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| 1. Demographic variables | ||||||
| Gender | 0.01* | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 |
| Age | −0.15 | −0.11* | −0.018*** | −0.15*** | −0.16*** | −0.13* |
| Body mass index | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Graduate | 0.11* | 0.09* | 0.18*** | 0.16*** | 0.13*** | 0.10* |
| Working | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| 2. Independent variables | ||||||
| The difference in wake‐up time on weekends | −0.12 | −0.13* | −0.12 | |||
| The difference in time falling asleep on weekdays | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10* | |||
| The difference in time falling asleep on weekends | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |||
| The difference in sleep duration on weekdays | 0.08* | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||
| The difference in sleep duration on weekends | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | |||
| The difference in sleep latency on weekdays | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| The difference in sleep latency on weekends | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.00 | |||
| Sleep quality | −0.29*** | −0.27*** | −0.28*** | |||
| No daytime napping | 0.08* | 0.08* | 0.06 | |||
| More daytime napping than before | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | 0.10** | |||
| Less daytime napping than before | 0.16*** | 0.17*** | 0.14*** | |||
| F | 4.03** | 8.87*** | 7.99*** | 10.23*** | 3.61** | 8.25*** |
| R 2 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
| ΔR 2 | 0.02** | 0.11*** | 0.04*** | 0.11*** | 0.02** | 0.11*** |
| Factor | Uninterested (β) | Losing control (β) | Fatigue (β) | Angry (β) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| 1. Demographic variables | ||||||||
| Gender | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Age | −0.10 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.15** | −0.11* | −0.11* | −0.08 |
| Body mass index | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07* |
| Graduate | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10* | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Working | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.09 |
| 2. Independent variables | ||||||||
| The difference in wake‐up time on weekends | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.11 | ||||
| The difference in time falling asleep on weekdays | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.04 | ||||
| The difference in time falling asleep on weekends | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||
| The difference in sleep duration on weekdays | 0.08* | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| The difference in sleep duration on weekends | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | ||||
| The difference in sleep latency on weekdays | −0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| The difference in sleep latency on weekends | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | ||||
| Sleep quality | −0.18*** | −0.21*** | −0.37*** | −0.30*** | ||||
| No daytime napping | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||||
| More daytime napping than before | 0.11*** | 0.13*** | 0.16*** | 0.10** | ||||
| Less daytime napping than before | 0.07 | 0.11*** | 0.11** | 0.14*** | ||||
| F | 4.20*** | 4.94*** | 4.25*** | 6.08*** | 8.63*** | 15.82*** | 6.71*** | 10.51*** |
| R 2 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.16 |
| ΔR2 | 0.02*** | 0.06*** | 0.02*** | 0.07*** | 0.05*** | 0.17*** | 0.04*** | 0.12*** |
The difference in wake‐up time on weekdays was not entered into any regression model.
Data results are kept to 2 decimal places.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.