Table 1.

Descriptive information for GIS methods used in studies included in this review.

Study	Exposurea		Area applied to measure environmental exposure				Buffer calculation				Distance to locations
Lead author (year) [reference]	Estimated	Actual	Individual/egocentric buffered area			Aggregated administrative area/other (specify)	Euclideanb	Networkc	Network – pedestriand	Buffer distance	Distance calculatede	Destinations for shortest distance
			Home	School	Route
Boone-Heinonen and Gordon-Larsen (2011) (Boone-Heinonen and Gordon-Larsen, 2011)	●1		●			Census tract (socio-economic environment)	●			1 km, 3 km
Boone-Heinonen et al. (2010a) (Boone-Heinonen et al., 2010a)	●2		●			Census tract (socio-economic environment)	●			1 km, 3 km
Boone-Heinonen et al. (2010b) (Boone-Heinonen et al., 2010b)	●3		●			Census tract (socio-economic environment)	●			1, 3, 5, and 8 km
Bringolf-Isler et al. (2010) (Bringolf-Isler et al., 2010)	●4		●				●			100 m, 200 m, 500 m (street density measure); 9ha (population and building density); 25ha (green space)
Buck et al. (2015) (Buck et al., 2015)	●5		●			Simple intensity and kernel intensity measures were used to assess three point characteristics such as intersections, public transit stations, and public open spaces		●		500 m, 750 m, 1 km, 1.25 km, 1.5 km, 2 km
Burgoine et al. (2015) (Burgoine et al., 2015)	●6○7	●6	○	○	●	Inverse distance weighting - all discrete food outlets and PA location points contribute to exposure, with the inverse distance (1/distance) between point facilities (i) and homes or schools (j) then weighted according to a suggested distance decay parameter (k) of 2		○●		100 m (routes); 800 m (home and school neighborhoods); 6 km (inverse distance weighting)
Cain et al. (2014) (Cain et al., 2014)	●8		●			Census blocks		●		N/A
Carlson et al. (2017) (Carlson et al., 2017)	●9	●9	●	●			●	●		15 m (school parcel); 50 m (home setting); 1 km (neighborhood variables)
Carlson et al. (2015) (Carlson et al., 2015)	●10		●					●		1 km
Carlson et al. (2014) (Carlson et al., 2014)	●11		●	●				●		1 km	●	School
Carroll-Scott et al. (2013) (Carroll-Scott et al., 2013)	●12					Census tracts		●		Used a 20 m buffer around census tract boundaries for calculation of retailers variable (to capture retailers on opposite sides of a street)	●	Grocery store; Convenience store; Fast food restaurant; Park
Carver et al. (2010) (Carver et al., 2010)	●13		●				●			800 m
Carver et al. (2015) (Carver et al., 2015)	●14		●						●	800 m, 5 km
Coughenour and Burns (2016) (Coughenour and Burns, 2016)	●15		●				●			1 mile
Dalton et al. (2011) (Dalton et al., 2011)	●16			●			●			1 km	●	Home
De Meester et al. (2012) (De Meester et al., 2012)	●17					Adjacent statistical sectors (smallest administrative entities for which statistical data are available) with comparable walkability and with SES in the same decile defined a neighborhood.		●		N/A
Dessing et al. (2016) (Dessing et al., 2016)	●18	●18			●			●		25 m	●	School
DeWeese et al. (2018) (DeWeese et al., 2018)	●19		●			Census block group (socio-economic environment)		●		0.25 mile
Helbich et al. (2016) (Helbich et al., 2016)		●20			●			●		100 m	●	School (actual route); Nearest major road/highway (Euclidean)
Hinckson et al. (2017) (Hinckson et al., 2017)	●21		●						●	250 m, 500 m, 1 km, 2 km
Ikeda et al. (2019) (Ikeda et al., 2019)		●22			●			●		160 m (80 m either side of the centerline)	●	School
Islam et al. (2014) (Islam et al., 2014)	●23		●				●			150 m
Jauregui et al. (2016) (Jauregui et al., 2016)	●24			●			●			400 m, 800 m
Kyttä et al. (2012) (Kyttä et al., 2012)	●25a	●25b	●			Public participation GIS, with children marking destinations of importance to them	●			500 m	●	All child-defined places of importance using public participation GIS data
Laxer and Janssen (2013) (Laxer and Janssen, 2013)	●26			●			●			1 km
McGrath et al. (2016) (McGrath et al., 2016)	●27		●					●		800 m	●	School
Mecredy et al. (2011) (Mecredy et al., 2011)	●28			●			●			5 km
Mitchell et al. (2016) (Mitchell et al., 2016)	●29		●				●	● for shortest distance		500 m, 800 m	●	Schools; Recreation centers
Mölenberg et al. (2019) (Mölenberg et al., 2019)	●30		●				●			600 m	●	New dedicated PA space (the intervention)
Moran et al. (2017) (Moran et al., 2017)		●31			●				●	25 m
Nordbø et al. (2019) (Nordbø et al., 2019)	●32		●				●			800 m, 5 km
Oliver et al. (2014) (Oliver et al., 2014)	●33					Meshblock (for walkability calculation)		●		N/A	●	School
Olsen et al. (2019) (Olsen et al., 2019)	●34	○35	●			○ (Grid cells (25m2), identified from GPS points of participants)	●○			25 m (2 grid for GPS data points); 800 m (traditional neighborhood comparison)	○	Grid cells (controlled for distance to home)
Sallis et al. (2015) (Sallis et al., 2015)	●36		●			Census blocks		●
Sallis et al. (2018) (Sallis et al., 2018)	●37		●			Census blocks		●
Smith et al. (2019) (Smith et al., 2019)	●38		●						●	800 m
Tucker et al. (2009) (Tucker et al., 2009)	●39		●	●		Postal code	●			500 m (home); 1.6 km (school)
van Loon et al. (2014) (van Loon et al., 2014)	●40		●					●		200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1.6 km	●	School; Park; Other recreational area
Villanueva et al. (2012) (Villanueva et al., 2012)	●41	●	●42	●43		Activity space (minimum convex polygon) using children's home and marked destinations visited			●	2 km (school walkability); 800 m (destinations); 800 m, 1600 m (comparison with activity space)
Wang et al. (2017) (Wang et al., 2017)	●44		●					●		1 km

^1-44Detail for GIS characteristics calculated are provided in Table 2.

^aGIS variables calculated. GIS = geographic information system, GPS = global positioning system, N/A = not applicable, PA = physical activity, SES = socio-economic status.

^bAssumed unless network specified.

^cAssumed street network unless specified otherwise.

^dPedestrian or cyclist network, used when motorways excluded, or trails etc. included.

^eShortest distance unless specified.