Table 1.

Nano-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

Vaccine	Developer/s	Platform	Current status
mRNA-1273	Moderna, USA and National Institutes of Health (NIH)	• mRNA-based vaccine • S protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles • Type: muscle injection	Phase III
BNT162b2	BioNTech/Pfizer (Germany)	• LNPs combined with mRNA • Type: muscle injection	Phase III
Ad5-nCoV/Convidecia	Cansino Biologics (China)	• Adenovirus 5 vector containing S nanoparticles • Type: muscle injection	Phase III
NVX-CoV2373	Novavax, USA	• Virus-like nanoparticle, containing S protein with adjuvant matrix	Phase III
UQ-CSL V451	Viroclinics Xplore (Netherlands)	• University of Queensland molecular clamp technology, with S protein and adjuvant	Phase I
COVID-19 vaccine	Ufovax, USA	Single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticle	Phase I
COVID-19 vaccine	Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Belgium	AdVac® technology recombinant vaccine based on adenovirus vectors combined with the PER.C6® cell line	Pre-clinical
COVID-19 vaccine	Sanofi and Translate Bio (USA)	LNPs loading mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 functional proteins	Pre-clinical
DPX-COVID-19	IMV, Canada	LNPs formulated with DPX platform, containing peptides epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Pre-clinical
COVID-19 vaccine	CanSino Biologics with Precision NanoSystems	mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine	Pre-clinical
COVID-19 vaccine	Fudan University JiaoTong University and RNACure Biopharma (China)	LNPs loading mRNA encoding the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2	Pre-clinical
COVID-19 vaccine	St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums (Russia)	LNPs formulated with recombinant S protein and other epitopes	Pre-clinical