Table 5.

Cluster analysis according to the location of MSK pain among participants

Patterns of pain locations
Location	Total (n = 340)	WP (n = 77)	WSP (n = 57)	RSP (n = 63)	LSP (n = 79)	NBP (n = 64)
Neck	59%	39% ** ↓	98% *** ↑	51%	61%	55%
Right shoulder	43%	3% *** ↓	63% ** ↑	100% *** ↑	58% * ↑	0% *** ↓
Left shoulder	40%	10% *** ↓	84% *** ↑	3% *** ↓	100% *** ↑	0% *** ↓
Right elbow	10%	17%	23% ** ↑	11%	1% ** ↓	0% ** ↓
Left elbow	12%	14%	49% *** ↑	0% ** ↓	3% * ↓	2% * ↓
Right wrist/hand	30%	70% *** ↑	49% ** ↑	30%	0% *** ↓	0% *** ↓
Left wrist/hand	27%	60% *** ↑	77% *** ↑	2% *** ↓	0% *** ↓	0% *** ↓
Upper back	38%	22% ** ↓	56% * ↑	30%	37%	48%
Lower back	37%	29%	56% ** ↑	19% ** ↓	38%	37%

*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

WP (n = 77): wrist pain (representing 22.6% of the total sample); WSP (n = 57): widespread pain (16.9%); RSP (n = 63): right shoulder pain (18.5%); LSP (n = 79): both shoulders pain – left concentrated (23.2%); NBP (n = 64): neck and back pain (18.8%). To facilitate the description and interpretation, cluster percentages significantly lower than the total sample percentages (according to the two-sided Z-test for proportions and considering a p-value of 5% as threshold for statistical significance) are followed by a downward-facing arrow (↓), while percentages significantly higher are followed by an upward-facing arrow (↑).