Table 6.
Results of the bivariate analysis
| Total (n = 340) | Patterns of pain location | Statistical test result | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WP | WSP | RSP | LSP | NBP | |||
| (n = 77) | (n = 57) | (n = 63) | (n = 79) | (n = 64) | |||
| Gender | |||||||
| Woman | 66% | 55% | 79% | 67% | 71% | 62% | χ2(df, 8) = 18.05* |
| Man | 33% | 44% | 18% | 33% | 29% | 38% | |
| Other | 1% | 1% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Perceived health [SRH] | |||||||
| Excellent | 5% | 7% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 2% | χ2(df, 16) = 28.30* |
| Very good | 22% | 27% | 11% | 33% | 14% | 23% | |
| Good | 51% | 45% | 65% | 40% | 52% | 56% | |
| Fair | 20% | 17% | 22% | 22% | 24% | 19% | |
| Poor | 2% | 4% | 4% | 0% | 5% | 0% | |
| Disability [PAS-QuickDASH score, 0–100] | |||||||
| Median | 31.3 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 34.4 | 25.0 | 25.0 | χ2(df, 4) = 22.20*** |
| Self-efficacy [PSEQ-2 score, 12–0] | |||||||
| Median | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | χ2(df, 4) = 17.90** |
| Psychological distress [K10 score, 0–50] | |||||||
| Median | 21.0 | 21.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 21.0 | χ2(df, 4) = 22.60*** |
| Perfectionism [HFMPS-SF – SP sub-scale score, 5–35] | |||||||
| Median | 18.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 20.0 | 19.0 | χ2(df, 4) = 13.57** |
| Instrument [classification] | |||||||
| Elevated both frontal | 8% | 4% | 18% | 6% | 9% | 6% | χ2(df, 20) = 49.53*** |
| Elevated both left | 19% | 16% | 26% | 16% | 29% | 9% | |
| Elevated left | 8% | 12% | 16% | 5% | 3% | 6% | |
| Elevated right | 15% | 19% | 10% | 14% | 7% | 22% | |
| Neutral | 39% | 45% | 25% | 49% | 37% | 36% | |
| Voice | 11% | 4% | 5% | 10% | 15% | 21% | |
| Perceived exertion after 45 min of practice without breaks [0–10] | |||||||
| Median | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | χ2(df, 4) = 13.99** |
| Perceived cause attributed to the musical activity | |||||||
| Yes | 82% | 87% | 95% | 87% | 79% | 66% | χ2(df, 8) = 23.66** |
| No | 17% | 13% | 5% | 11% | 20% | 31% | |
| Don’t know | 1% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 3% | |
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
For categorical variables, the total sample and cluster specific distributions of the variables considered (column percentages) have been reported, as well as the chi-square statistic and its statistical significance level. For continuous variables, the median and the range for each variable has been reported, as well as the chi-square statistic of the Kruskal-Wallis test and its statistical significance level
WP Wrist pain, WSP Widespread pain RSP, right shoulder pain, LSP Both shoulders pain - left concentrated, NBP Neck and back, SRH Self-rated health, PAS-QuickDASH Performing Arts Section of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome Measure, PSEQ-2 2-item short form of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, K10 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, HFMPS-SF Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale - short form, SP Socially prescribed
Elevated both frontal: Music students playing musical instruments with both arms elevated in a frontal position (i.e. harp, trombone, and trumpet); Elevated both left: Music students playing musical instruments with both arms elevated in the left quadrant position (i.e. viola, violin); Elevated left: Music students playing musical instruments with only the left arm elevated (i.e. cello, double bass); Elevated right: Music students playing musical instruments with only the right arm elevated (i.e. flute, guitar); Neutral: Music students playing musical instruments in a neutral position, without the elevation of arms (i.e. accordion, bassoon, clarinet, euphonium/tuba; French horn, harpsicord, oboe, organ, percussion, piano, recorder, saxophone)