Fig. 5.

Effects of stimulation with cytokines and blocking of cytokines on the glucose metabolism of SF. a OASF and RASF were stimulated with different concentrations of IL-1β, IL-17A, TNFα and IFNγ, either individually or with all four cytokines. After 4 days of culture, the supernatants were harvested, and lactate concentrations were measured by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (n = 6). b OASF were cultured under resting conditions or with stimulation by ThCM in the presence or absence of anti-TNFα (etanercept), anti-IL-6 receptor (tocilizumab), anti-IL-17A (secukinumab) and anti-IL-1β (canakinumab) at the three given concentrations. Lactate concentrations were quantified on d4 (n = 4). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test