TABLE 1.

Sugar metabolites significantly different between human milk or milk formula diet groups across gastrointestinal contents of piglets at postnatal day 21

Gastrointestinal content	HMa		MFa		FCb	FDRc	VIPd
	Avg abundance	SEM	Avg abundance	SEM
Duodenum
1,5-Anhydroglucitol	14,720	3,485	3,396	541	4.33	<0.01	2.31
Threonic acid	40,594	7,203	95,870	12,252	0.42	0.09	1.87
Maltotriose	301	69	1,416	617	0.21	0.12	1.64
Glucose	8,578	2,132	19,168	3,292	0.45	0.12	1.58
Ribonic acid	1,523	323	2,755	318	0.55	0.13	1.56
Jejunum
Melezitose	241	41	8,326	2,680	0.03	<0.01	2.51
Fucose	231,611	94,955	20,372	3,126	11.37	0.02	2.24
Maltotriose	1,205	473	15,207	5,368	0.08	0.05	2.04
Tartaric acid	408	45	1,951	453	0.21	0.11	1.81
Panose	997	235	24,736	21,234	0.04	0.13	1.76
Conduritol-beta-expoxide	13,003	1,664	7,298	1,050	1.78	0.15	1.7
Ileum
3,6-Anhydro-d-galactose	1,173	434	15,228	5,331	0.08	0.01	2.48
Melezitose	711	195	24,609	9,825	0.03	0.01	2.39
Maltotriose	4,535	1,796	191,435	6,8277	0.02	0.05	2.1
Panose	2,658	819	22,404	6,352	0.12	0.1	1.88
Tartaric acid	1,034	185	6,099	2,286	0.17	0.13	1.77

^aMean of normalized (mTIC) peak intensities (mz/rt) for human milk (HM) or milk formula (MF) after MetaboAnalyst analyses; n = 8 to 11/group.

^bFC, fold change of HM mean to MF mean.

^cFDR = false discovery rate; Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P value.

^dVIP = variable importance in projection in PLS-DA models using all annotated metabolites to compare HM and MF within each intestinal section.