TABLE 2.

Significantly different gastrointestinal metabolites between human milk- or milk formula-fed piglets at postnatal day 21

Gastrointestinal content	HMa		MFa		FCb	FDRc	VIPd
	Avg abundance	SEM	Avg abundance	SEM
Duodenum
Indole-3-propionic acid	2,520	574	4,706	386	0.54	0.09	1.81
Jejunum
Cholesterol	1,568	321	9,917	3,480	0.16	0.11	1.85
Ileum
Methionine sulfoxide	107,051	17,018	35,092	8,272	3.05	0.03	2.21
Cholesterol	6,240	1,372	25,956	4,881	0.24	0.04	2.14
Indole-3-propionic acid	1,379	456	3,215	850	0.43	0.1	1.88
Homoserine	2,115	291	1,101	145	1.92	0.1	1.85
Phenaceturic acid	13,348	949	8,895	1,027	1.5	0.11	1.84
Benzoic acid	120,692	36,529	25,334	5,026	4.76	0.12	1.8
4-Aminobenzoic acid	406	56	226	43	1.8	0.14	1.73

^aMean of normalized (mTIC) peak intensities (mz/rt) for human milk (HM) or milk formula (MF) after MetaboAnalyst analyses.

^bFold change of HM mean to MF mean.

^cFDR, Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P value.

^dVIP, variable importance in projection in PLS-DA models using all annotated metabolites to compare HM and MF within each intestinal section.